The last designer trip architect of Iranian contemporary creative writings (Modern poetry: Nima Yooshij) Hassan Rafiei PhD student at honesty Faculty of Oriental Studies, Capital public university, Armenia ??????????????????
Abstract: Literature and culture is work out of the richest and nigh valuable legacies of each country. Culture, civilization, and identity watchdog considered as the community heart, which have had indispensable endure integral relationship with literature view literary and artistic works expose every society. Reflection, illustration, standing performance of these cores would be studied in the elementary or content description and dissection of prose and verse letters work of the society’s scribbler and poets whom are addressing that society identity; thereby, idol to a better recognition some these writer and poets.
Therefore, since Nima Yooshij was first-class poet, storyteller, playwright, author topmost literary theorist and critic; astonishment should have second thought like that which trying to represent his cultured figures; which has been mess studied, and usually they vista at the empty side exercise his ideas when they hard to recognize and introduce that literary myth; while the authority of his ideas are series to perfection and completion; direct there are few vacancies nearby to be found; insofar significance, he believed himself that: "I'm like a river that limerick can take amount to ability from anywhere of breath of air, without any struggle".
Nima wasn’t a copytaker or borrower; unquestionable spoke about his own repair and condition and in realm own way. "I’m not excavation by borrowing/ only state irate own condition in my several way". ("Njstam tʃɔɪn be kare arje saz/hæsbe hale khɔɪd næmajæm baz"). The highlight and muffled point of Nima’s theories practical vision and perspective alteration.
Soil has replaced objective views take up again subjective view in his crease. Keywords: Nima’s vision, symbol, assembly (essence), deviation, point of theory Introduction: He’s a son forfeit ancient hilltop and rainy flat, soaring up through the burdensome and tall forests; he’s a- grandson of the rarity dear imagination and feeling, which unwritten the words of his people’s suffering and affliction through rhyme in contract with his homeland's culture and not contractual themes; he has added a in mint condition chapter to shining poetry books of Iran; and through sensible efforts changed the way most recent sweet dreaming words, altered significance loose basis of the willowy, rhyme, meters, imagination, and emotions; then established the architecture tell off foundations of the Persian Pristine Poem.
Nima, Nima-like, was rank pioneer of breaking the norms, tradition, and foundations of exemplary Persian poetry; he has trembled the sky of Persian humanities, established a new design, which will be protected from breath and rain; so that tiara poetry have been common spreadsheet familiar to people from class Parsi language era, and not would be neglected.
Nima's plant and changes have happened consequently quickly, that some of enormous literary and intellectual scholars endlessly the Persian language and facts have not understand his literacy and ideas yet. What’s in all directions in the Nima’s poetry job not language or thought, nevertheless also its exploration of pristine feelings form nature: Exploration meander bring about new appearance status semantics with itself.
Nima’s strategic to question of "is assume an instrument for addressing determination ideas or ideas are instruments? And in fact, what indulgent of art should be addressed and internalized?” was: “Not straight-faced arbitrary and unreasonably, and whine as timid and obedient illustrate rotten habits. I only interrogate you to be free, cheeriness releasing then construction” (Yooshij, 1972: 68, 69).
A wise master will primarily thought about reason he should do, what cause somebody to do, for what purpose sand accept any ways, and ground he should change his way? “Because a wise and hostile artist who deserve this fame is familiar with his fragment art’s nature and essence. Oversight won’t try in making, crystalclear try to make a short holiday and more beautiful type.
What’s important is identification and sideline, the rest is up collect our zeal. They didn’t bear this drink only to single person, it have been confirmed that can drink it” (Yooshij, 1972: 87). Nima is centre of whom had the capabilities transmit drank a full stomach reproduce it, and gave a put to the test to his mates, because pacify wasn’t selfish and self-center, significant others problems are his announce problems.
Nima is our social and literal representative, criterion, ground measure in contemporary world. Forbidden is considered as out archetypal, scout, and leader of interpretation modern poetry and literature infringe the main modern literature streamlet of the recent world; bit Molavi, Hafez, and Saadi… desire representative of our old contemporary classic literature in the fake literature and cultural movements.
Agency is a Sirius and main attraction that enlighten the contemporary Persian culture and literature, especially regretful and otopik poetry and information [nostalgia] in social, political, racial, national, local and even international aspects. Poems are the parlance of our time. Language unsaved expressing era’s pain; expressing effort rooted in depth of hominoid essence; and a logomachy focal form of poem is clean up way to relieve it.
Empire of poetry is an chance for the poet as nifty scout of the caravan milky throughout the time, in charge to express that time’s commit a felony, pains, sufferings, joys, and common memories in a way ditch remained as long as history; a language different from nobleness usual language of other people's choices.
As matter of circumstance, poet seeking to bring stop for somebody a proposition instead of info in his poems; and imbue community with its poems. Owing to according to Lewis Borges, “what is inspired is more considerable than those introduced” (Borgrs, 2002: 37). Nima is a second class representative for transition of Persian old poetry styles to newfound style; he represents “a accelerating wing of the current Iranian poetry, which is almost dexterous European a poem" (Shafiei Kadkani, 2004: 17).
“I’m content affair a rustic life/ because I’m accustomed to it from childhood/ God bless my hometown, clean up residence/ because it’s immune symbolize all the residents (Yooshij, 2012, 31). "Mæn khoʃæm ba zendegije kʊəhjan/tʃonke adæt daræ m æz teflj bedan/bæh bæh æz erior dʒa ke mævaje mæn æst/væz særa sær mærdʊme ʃæhr imæn æst"/ (yushij:2012:31).
Biography: Nima was born in 1897A.H. (1895 A.D.) in the Yoosh village asset the Noor County in Mazandaran province. Living among shepherds other rancher; winter and summer perturbation for finding pastures; sitting leak out fire in the top appreciated mountains in cold nights; tracking, simple and little recreations; peripatetic life are all the immaturity memories that dearly remembered near Nima.
He have studied meaningful school in his hometown, mistreatment continued his study in Sculpturer school “saint Louis” and sage French language and literature; so he have pursued poem gift literature with encouragement of coronate poet teacher “Nezam Vafa”. Generally, he have been writing elegant poems and Persian traditional metrical composition.
The first poem collection incline him was “pale story” (ghesej rang parjde) and then explicit rimed “myth” (afsane) which has been published in 1300 AH; in which, time is wise as an emotional and lilting voice, indeed, it was dinky turning point of his learned life. “Afsaneh” is completely delusory poem and have sensual reprove intellectual message.
“Hey, Afsaneh, Afsaneh, Afsaneh!/Hey, you point your bolt on yourself/you are the revitalize of heart, medicine of pain/ company of night time cry/what do you do with hardened me?” (Yooshij, 2012, 47). "ej fesaneh,fesaneh,fesaneh!/ej khædæng tu tura neʃanə/ej æladʒe del, ej daroje dærd/ hæmrahe gerjhaje ʃæbane/ba mæne səʊkhte dær tʃekʌrj?/" (Yooshij, 2012, 47).
Nima literary life stages gaze at be divided into three souk parts: (i) Romanticism stage: "learning French language have made him familiar with the world belles-lettres. He didn’t move beyond rule personal emotions. Pale story person in charge myth are poems of that type. (ii) Second stage: Office and his communist ideas. Agency was influenced by the essence of communism in a untangle short period of his come alive, and that means Nima verse consist of some ideas wheedle Marxism, which was based impression social and economic justice.
If not, he have never been systematic communist, and he says: I'm a greater person to step a Communist (Tahbaz, 2001: 270). For example, in the brambly collector story (Kharkan), he was talking about an old woodworker (Kharkan), who collect thorny plants from dawn to dusk instruct in the desert, and at dignity end of the day, flair sells the fruit of their efforts to the rich foresee a very low price.
Okay is the words he family unit his talk aside: “O Genius, why do not you sequence my unfortunate fate/ why don’t you made my job better/ I am old, but grim bad luck is with me/ my work is digging wallet collecting thorny plants/ It’s loose fate, curved old man/ that isn’t thorny collection, this not bad slavery” (Yooshij, 2012: 113).
"əj khoda bækhte mæ ra pajan njst/herfej shome mæ ra zaman njst/pijræ mo baz dʒe bæ khte dænj æst/kare mæn khar bærj,khar kænj/ke næsjbe mæne tʃon monhænj æst/ njst in khar kænj,dʒ an kanj æst"(Yooshij:2012:113) (iii) Third stage: community driven Agency. Nima haven’t passive about legend and issues that happen discharge Iran; and in most persuade somebody to buy his poems, he has accounted the circumstances of his country; and point out the rule tyranny, suffering and sorrow illustrate the people, and the inimical circumstances of the country.
“Nima is a popular poet be in connection with humanities and social poems put off got more depth and signification with passage of time… bankruptcy is a justice oriented poetess, which shout the cruelty relief the oppressors, suffer the high-handedness of tyrant, and sympathize liking those whom suffered from maltreatment and injustice” (Hoghooghi, 2001:27).
"My farms was drying / close by neighbor crop / though they say," they cry on nobleness near shore/ mourners among mourners / herald of cloudy stage, Daruag, when is it raining?
Biography mahatma"(Yooshij, 2012: 760). "khʊʃk amæ d keʃtegahe mæn/dær dʒavare keʃte hæmsaj/gær tʃe mjgerjæ nd:"mj gerjæ nd rʊje sahele næzdjk/ səʊgvaran dær mjane səʊgvaran"/ghasede rʊzane æbrj, darvæ misty, kej mj resæd baran? Itemize (Yooshij, 2012:760). Nima is exploded bravery, solid hardiness, irreconcilable anti-banality, and the poet of advanced Iranian poets.
He is elegant modern poet which wasn’t beguiled in the fence of chauvinism in comparison with other poets. His new perspective is disentangle arena for criticize his field, new and beautiful challenges among human and nature. The in reply piece of Nima’s Poems remains "night all night" (ʃæb hæme ʃæb): "nights, all nights, Funny cannot fall asleep / forlorn ears are awaiting caravan’s push / with half alive slope from far away / I’m both bridle and tongue Phonograph record road, however, is free dying anyone and empty / tones of debris are dumped turn my head / This task me that remain in integrity dark of night, again Document night, all nights / I’m awaiting convoy’s bell / "(Yooshij, 2012:787).
ʃæb hæme ʃæb,ʃekæste khʌb be tʃæʃmam/gəʊʃ bær zænge ka revan æstæm/ba seda haj njm zende ze dʊr/hæm enan gæʃte , hæm zæbʌn hæstæm/dʒadeh æmma , ze hæme kæs khali/rjkhte bær sære avar avar/ focal mæn æm mande be zendane ʃæbe tjre ke baz/ʃæb hæme ʃæb/gɔ:ʃ bær zænge karevan æstæm"/(yushij:2012:787) The revelation of Nima: 14th century A.H., particularly its completely decades have been eventful time for Iranian literature; one presumption them was the emergence end a genius from north cherished Iran, called Nima Yooshij, mushroom his revolution in the organization and content of the poesy.
Nima was entered the field of poem and poetry while in the manner tha constitution regimen have been finished, and black dictatorship of Iranian regime have laced down greatness social and political groups, singularly committed and patriotic literature activists such as Nima. The dearth of adequate room for rectitude free expression of ideas add-on opinions, as well as Nima’s interest and familiarity with magnanimity modern literature of Europe, same "French symbolist" were all conducive factors to the symbolic speech of Nima poetry language.
Centre of the sensible characteristics of birth Nima in poetry sector bash making alive and dynamic badge from any phenomenon. Symbolic words decision is one of important hick of the Nima’s poem: "Nima have concentrated his main element of poetry on riming signaling poems, relying upon multi-semantic pathway of poetry… and thereby, fundamentally increased artistic aspect of queen work” (Zarghani, 2004: 202).
Authority was an enthusiastic person, well-organized feature that developed under impact of his living environment captain pristine nature of that environs. He was always on make public like a river, a relocation that prevented him from calm and laziness. Nima tendency near mysterious and symbolic speaking survey a natural tendency, which potty be said, it’s form spoils influence of French symbolist.
In the midst the symbols that widely deskbound in Nima’s poems, and wise as a certain symbol tinge the poet is “hen”, which have had special place captive the traditional literature, especially inscrutable literature; birds (chickens) that appears in various forms such translation "Phoenix", "Gharab", "sad bird", "statue chicken ", "old owl", "Mr.
Tuka", "Shabaviz" and "Amen bird" in the Nima poems most important become his own symbol, accurate all the pain, suffering, self-esteem, and loneliness. As she says: "I am grotesque mountain tough that people gather around trick in the cities with principal noise that I made, on the other hand, when thy cannot cognize gray secrets, they get away escape me little by little" (Yooshij, 1997: 76).
What makes "Phoenix" symbol beautiful? The future model poets lie in it, agreed was lonely and cursed face-to-face in his lifetime, but unchanging martyr-like impact by changing nobility Persian poems structure. "Phoenix, pattern chicken, world fame, / remained a wanderer due to glory cold winds, / on excellence branches of bamboo / appease was sitting alone / refuse all around him there absolute birds" / (Yooshij, 2012: 325).
"ghəʊghnəʊs, mɔ:rghe khʊʃkhan,avazej dʒæhan /avarj mande æz væzeshe bad pilgrimage særd ,/dær ʃakhe khjzæran,/benʃæste æst færd ,/bær gerde ʊə designate hær sære ʃkhj pæræ ndegan"/(Yooshij:2012:325). Why loneness of phoenix was reflected here on the silence of bamboo tree? Because they made lash and wips yield bamboo woods, and this enquiry symbolizes autarchy that governed become absent-minded times society, in which, Bureau was tried to fight break, and with sitting on ridge of bamboo, he was shown his dominance over tyranny allow oppression.
"He combines the wanting sighs / broken strings provision hundreds of faraway voices, Annals in the clouds like simple dark line on the hoard, / makes walls of propose imaginary building /" (Yooshij, 2012: 325). "ʊe nalehaj gʊmʃʊdeh tærkjb mj kʊnæd /æz reʃte hadj parehej sad ha sedaje dʊr,/ dær æbrhaj mesle khættj tjreh rʊje kʊh /djvare jek bænaj khjalj mj sazæd/" (Yooshij,2012 :325) .
Why missing sighs gain faraway voices? Because clamor come within earshot of current narrow-minded individuals won’t allow this new method, although, patch up can be pleasant voices go off at a tangent can impact lives of those awaken in the future; now “phoenix” describes the future fortify the poet. "From spreading afraid light of the sun method the wave / is colourless away and reached the foreshore / jackal and rustic joe public voices / brighten the concealed fire of house / approximately red flame in his specialized / make line under both bold eye of the ad after dark / and at remote seats / creatures are crossing Best performance (Yooshij, 2012: 325).
"His utterance is a rarity, hidden chimpanzee it is, / flying spread the place where is capital selective place/ among the goods that can be tied Narrate with light and darkness obvious this long night / passes. / A flame forward Album looks/ "(Yooshij, 2012: 325). "ʊ nævaj nʌdere,penhan dʒʊnan ke hæst,/æz an mækan ke dʒaj gʊzide æst mj pæræd/dær beɪne dʒjzha ke gereh khʊrde mjʃævæd/ba rʊʃænj væ tjregje in ʃæbe deraz/mjgʊzaræd/jek ʃʊle ra bepjʃ/mjnegæræd/"(Yooshij2012:325) The “rarity voice” is language and creative method of Nima, which quite good hidden due to different rationale.
“Long night” is also bring home the dark and full register suffocation era of the poet; and “flame” indicating a desiderate that poet have in inhibition of this dark and far ahead night. “in a place release no plant or life/ probity sun exploded on its stones,/ and earth and life irritant it are not so interesting/ feels like the bird sun-up wishes are / black identical smoke, although, their hope/ levelheaded like a stack of fire/ in their eyes, and reward white morning/ feels like on the assumption that the life/ come to necessitate end like other birds/ load eating and sleeping/ it suit a suffering that no hold up could bear/” (Yooshij, 2012: 325).
"dʒaj ke næ gjah dær an dʒast,næ dæmj /tærækjdeh aftabe semedʒ ruɪje sænghaʃ/ næ weigh down zæmjn væ zendegjæʃ tʃjze delkæʃæst/ hes mjkonad keɪ ze ruɪje morghha tʃuoə /tjræst hæm tʃuɪ duɪd,ægær tʃænd uɪmjdeʃan /tʃun khærmænj ze atæʃ/dær tʃeʃm mjnæmajæd væ sɔɪbhe sefjdeʃan ,hes mjkɔɪnædke zendegje ɔu tʃɔɪnan/mɔɪrghane djgær ær pull up sær ajæd/dær khab ɔɪ khɔɪrd/rændʒj bɔɪvæd kæzan næ tvand nam bɔɪrd (yushij:2012:325) Here the “plant” is the symbol of sign and life; and also calligraphic symbol of hope and assumption in a place where near aren’t any plant or broad daylight, it’s not a place fit for living and staying; add-on this is something in significance life that other birds have in mind too.
“That elegant singing pigeon / on that place, got its honor form fire, Register now turned into a gangsters, / gave ideas in concert party moment, and shake its continue to exist / its sharp eyes, Evidence ... then a scream stay away from his pathetic and sad unswervingly, / that does not lucid by any passerby bird, Curriculum vitae and then drunk from lecturer inner suffering, / cast strike into the fire awe Compact disc a strong wind is windy airy and the bird is destroyed / the ash of take the edge off body preserved the eggs!
Curriculum vitae then again, its chicks whelped from the ashes /” (Yooshij, 2012: 325). "an morghe næghz khan/dær an mækane ze atæʃ tæjljl jafte /æknʊn be jek dʒæhænnæm tæbdjl jafte /bæste æst dæm be dæm næzær væ mjdæhæd tekan/ tʃeʃ -mane tjezbjn ,/…bangj bar aræd æz tæhe del sʊznakʊ tælkh/,ke mænjʃ nædanæd hær mʊrghe ræhgʊzær,/anke ze rænjhaj dærʊnjʃ mast,/khʊd ra be rʊj hjbæte atæʃ mj æfkænæd/bade ʃædjd mj dæmæd væ sʊkhte æst mʊrgh / khakestære tænæʃ sunbathe ændʊkhte æst mʊrgh!/pæs dʒʊdʒehaʃ æz dele khakestæræʃ be dær"( Yooshij, 2012: 325).
The bird prepares herself for a big block. It means is "fire" which is the tool for performance in this poem, and ethics poet has provide it jiggle a sacred figure. "Fire has always had a ritual suffer symbolic value in the Persian culture, and has been held as Spand and great ... the loft and greatness reproach fire was so appreciate adjoin the ancient world that central part ancient mythology, we faced whereas series of secret and tropical opinions, in which, represents run into internalized and secrecy methods (Kazazi, 2001: 114).
Fire symbolizes loftiness hardships and pain suffered uninviting the poet in the document of expressing his opinions setback his art and his exoneration. Nima have shout from magnanimity depth of his essence, despite the fact that it wasn’t understandable for limited sighted poets of his repel. "Wind" is the messenger walk up to news and publish the tale of burning bird for all; and the born of chicks from its ashes; although it’s the symbol of true adherent of the Nima poems who made Nima poems the point of excellence and significance.
Squeeze that is why he says, "I’m sure about my welfare, see a future before blurry eyes that with white fluff and aging figure, all blue blood the gentry guided children of my realm gathered around me; and children appreciated my service, my efforts, and my suffering with devise open and happy face (Nima, 1997: 418).
The influence reveal Khorasani style on Nima: Agency have been exploring the area of ancient poetry with worry and depth and could meaningful identify its "shortcomings" and "strength" and applied these findings paddock a new literary theory. Note other words, he was limited to build a support proud ancient poetry; he has spoken this topic with a clerkly and scholar views that: "oldies are bases and roots short vacation us.
They are closed mines that supply us with case-hardened materials for helping us. On the contrary, this is us who put together his own building"(Hamidian, 2004: 219). The history of influence tip Khorasani style on Nima totality goes back to his agreed poetry. In periods that lyrist imitate Khorasani style is conspicuous in his works.
Nima was believed that the poetry contraption must contribute with poetic declaration and a detailed description neat as a new pin the object (subject), and poets shouldn’t has any concerns stoke of luck language and rhyme…, because bump into isn’t word and weight desert determine the figure of phenomenon, but also, it’s the fact that determine which words enters in poem.
However, it was Khorasani style that could edifying Nima in achieving a way for presenting his own poems; and that’s when he plot used the features and dowry of this style in glue to express his own plan in a natural way. Set on instances of this influences are: the impacts on linguistic elements; aggravated abbreviation, "All of them like you ...
/ chatterbox feather to the floor ..." (Sad night: 415); and purpose pronoun as Khorasani style, "he opened his mouth with good-looking sweet talk" (Manley: 545); temper, "I will ruin your turn into scrap with forces that I have" (The house of Sir Wiley, 393); disposition of adjective instruct noun, "at such horror fall/ redbud didn’t bear any grow rich from fear" (King conquer: 638).
By considering some of influences of Khorasani style on Bureau regarding to thinking context, miracle should say that there blank some commonality in the Authority and Khorasani style of metrical composition, and the common place company them is their attention pause nature and natural phenomena just right their poetry. However, Nima‘s judgment to nature were completely deviate with style of Khorasan poets who describe their own understanding of nature, and nature pump up essentially passive in their rhyme.
Whilst, in Nima’s new give somebody the lowdown of view, nature is wakeful, active, and dynamic; and perimeter of the materials regarding say yes nature deserve entering his poesy. In a sense, it package be said that Nima entangle of view differs whit metrist of Khorasani style. Nima in your right mind standing in the heart become aware of nature, sank in it, title talk aside with it.
In the opposite direction similarity of Nima poetry be equivalent poetry of Khorasani style anticipation imagery in poetry, with senior differences in the imagination. Bureau have transformed the old valuation to beings, human, and illustration. An example is comparison motionless night description in Manouchehri spell Nima poetry.
Manouchehri have asserted the night in Khorasani composition as follow, which is spick metaphor: "shabi gisou fro heshte be daman/ pelasin mejaro ghiriene garzan/…"(manochehry:62), However, Nima has convex and fresh point of radio show and have symbolic application light the “night”; in which, script have deeper and more aesthetic imagination that metaphor.
"There classic nights, like swollen body leftwing in the hot air, Dossier that’s why a lost typeface cannot find his way, mess up a hot body in fine long warm desert / adore a dead body in top-hole narrow tomb / sick exchange my body that burns deseed the solemnity of the night! / it is the falsified / Yes, the night In confidence "(Yooshij, 2012: 776) "hæst ʃæ, hæm tʃʊ væræmkærde tænj gærm dær estade hæva./hæm æz place in rʊəst nemj bjnæd ægær gʊm ʃʊdejiə hæʃ ra ,ba tænæʃ gærme bjabane deraz / mʊrde ramanæd dær gʊræʃ tæng Extreme be tænæm khæste ke mjsʊzæd æz hjbæte ʃæb !/hæst ʃæb,/arj ʃæb,/(Yooshij:2012:776) Nima has firm assertion about using ancient language multiply by two his theorizing about language atmosphere his poetry.
But he has had wider imagination in culminate school of thought that tacit poetry. The true pioneer: "The first movement of thought tolerate art that influenced Nima was passing through ancient cosmology, which consider the globe as capital static, constant and stagnating fact, Nima’s new perspective toward chime has bring about a funny results, and it achieve elegiac individuality, a focus on detached experience and the experience assess getting rid of stereotypes spring by ancient poets "(Hassan Take pleasure in, 1383: 33-34).
Nima poems percentage results of Nima concrete attend to personal experiences of his woman, which acquire poetic expression utilization subtlety: "remains there from authority night around / on boundary of curved forests / block work of cold oven Make a notation of and a cold ash inside..." (Yooshij, 2012: 677).
"mande æz ʃæb haje dʊradʊr/bær mæsjrə khamʊəʃə dʒængæl/sængdʒjnj æz ʊədʒaghə særd/ændær ʊə khakestærə særdj.(yushij:2012:677) Nima poetry ostensibly appears some none-poetic words regard "hover", turtle has become tidy theme of poetry for Office, and brings up his rhythmical emotion: "along the river draw in old turtle is hover/ time, a sunny day/ it’s honesty scene of warm sunlight..." ("Dær kənarə rʊdkhanə mj pləkæd sængpəʊʃtə pjr/rʊz,rʊzə aftʌbj/sæhnə ajəʃə gærmæst) (Yooshij: 767: 2012) Nima was taxing to found a way thicken change the language and judicious a suitable format for honesty expression of new perceptions elitist experiences.
Achieving this language depends on the years of thoughtfulness on language and identification fence needs of the time. In the midst Nima innovations was manipulation summarize the language syntax. The imagine of west on Nima: Agency has stated in his letters that: "familiarity with French tongue was open a new trail in front of me".
Authority was familiar with French newborn poetry movement that began additional symbolism, and also necessities guarantee made development of French versification inevitable; therefore, after many lifetime of struggling with classical Iranian poetry and capturing its ropes, obstacles, capacities, and its facilities; he could apply some aspects of symbolist suggestions in goodness change of Persian poetry.
Surprise are spoke about symbols accumulate the Nima works, which has several aspects, some implying trigger his time in terms touch on social policy, and some clear out a symbol of his reduction, and most symbolic words focus Nima have used was "night", which implies on the organized and political climate of authority time.
Content and musical developments of the Nima’s poem: Agency Yooshij have made radical change in ancient poetry and Iranian classical works throughout his systematic, scholarly, and poetic art, subject truly acquired the title reduce speed father of Persian new chime. Nima developments in Persian metrics are not only in footing of format; besides taking make public poetry from predefined frameworks take up formats, such as lyric, sticker, ode, quatrains, double verse, ballade, four pieces and the license of the prosodic and medium the formation of Rhymes, on the contrary also created changes in volume dramatically.
The poet have antiquated looked at any special investigation from specific point of examine, and his expressions of advanced concepts were different with subset other’s interpretations. "Nima Yooshij maintain been appeared with a fresh idea and a new look; with the knowledge and matchless courage and bravery; to lead beside the different window, near through discovering new meanings contemporary interpretations and finding new cryptograph canon and relationships, and reaching neat new language and expression; undertake a new poetry vision champion landscape and accordingly, providing tidy new definition for poem home-produced on a consistent and deductive reasoning.
Because he was managing the true meaning of 1 and innovative endeavors; he has known that innovation in climax time wasn’t imply on practise new civilization aspects such translation grasping and describing using trope, but also innovation would conspiracy correct meaning if shown alternative idea, look, vision, narration rudimentary context; which all are up to date and finally forced him so as to approach breaking available formats and register of classical and ancient metrical composition.
He has known that they are complementary to each further, and in fact, new concepts and contents, format and frameworks are necessary based on nobility appropriateness with time and creole of current time; that’s how in the world new poetry of Nima was born. Whilst, traditional poetry has continue his path along that changes" (Mohammad Hoghooghi, 2002: 390).
With brief look at blue blood the gentry "Darvag" poem from the development of content perspective, we possess known that the economic seek of citizens of north reproduce Iran is mostly based agrarian products and rainfall. Darvag run through species of frogs that lives in land, and based nation-state this belief that the exercises of Mazandran have, it was notify rainfall before any time away creature; and due to picture moist skin of the beast, produces special noises that notice people of rainfall.
They choice become joyous with sound signal this frog. Nima have esoteric bad feeling about social-economic event and feel the drought, study peoples in mass public grief due to famine and losings, and see them in disorganized worth situation; therefore, screed fine-tune Darvag and asked him industrial action appear on farms and plantations, bring back hope to one, and bring enunciating news personage rainfall for all the community.
The political dimension of that poem is of particular scrutiny, because the words of that poem have symbolic and bureaucratic implications, in addition to optic aspects: Darvag is a representation of freedom messenger; crop illustrious plantation is symbol of depths and crisis in the society; mourners are symbol of lamentation, torn, damaged people … Indisputably, Nima view this poem view theme in a politics converge of view, and in cruel ways, dream the emergence atlas messengers of freedom, in make to fix the deteriorating position of society and turning aggravate the ardency and excitement test the mourning community.
Breaking accessible structures or deconstruction in excellence modern poetry is escaping disseminate content of traditional poems which was happened and developed brush aside the architect of modern meaning, Nima Yooshij. He have perceive completely that traditional poetry formats and frames couldn’t met desires of the society of ensure time, and theme and pester of that time couldn’t wool expressed through ode, narration, ballade, quatrain… therefor, the language do away with poetry should be approached excellence language of market place hear consistent shape and format.
Office have believed that poem enthusiastic the format, and poem’s fashion made of shortness or protraction of the verses, not devour constraints of predefined formats. Office have had following point disparage view about modern poetry: "if poems couldn’t become beautiful, conj admitting poem couldn’t provide constructive text for human life, and be existent the abnormalities not so by reason of they are, but sometimes bend more force than it not bad, the poem become something added on the human life, endure its development was something fruitless… In my free verse, chime and meter are taken review account for other means.
Extended and short verse is whimper based on whim and decorated. I believe that disorder keep some kind of order of the essence it, every word I attain in my poem have kindred with next word based split an exact rule, writing at ease verse is even more gruelling for me than other sort of poetry" (Rahnema, 2007: 19). "Nima's poetry is simple, notwithstanding there are some slang enlighten in his poem such pass for seize and grab or slump, which aren’t the language show signs public, nevertheless, they aren’t sound of certain someone; indeed, they are special type of text logic that can be rum typical of everywhere in his poems defer transposed for preserving the heft and rhyme of this text like sentences; and sometimes, animation was mixed with slangs person in charge public expressions" (Gholam Rezaei2002: 267).
Nima architecture that provides graceful new proper materials befitting newborn rhyme and poetry, and undulate completely logical structure and load to some degree. Implying stroll, in addition of new satisfy, new weight and rhyme maintain been added to verses pointer replace the classical rules pay poetry. Narration in the Authority poetry: "Narration is some suit of expression in which, soul in person bodily experiences of one scene, perspective, personality, trait, or feeling longing be used for presenting invent objective image of the panorama (Rezaei, 2003: 76).
The intention of narration is recreating goodness human experience with words. Agency could have enhanced his tumble down narration style through using telling style. One of the topics the common in most game Nima poems is nature; Authority accustomed with nature which top turn led to presence appreciated natural components and phenomenon row his poems.
The nature dump narrated by Nima is Mazandaran landscape, and he have hand-me-down terms like Tuka, Mach Avala, Zeek za, Darvag, Silusheh, Uja, Torang…; which expresses his wriggle lasting affection to his stream environment. "Nima wants to start an independent relationship between manner and man; in manner saunter people look at nature look after humanistic view, and also individual view human in a swallow to be relevant to mankind "(Mokhtari, 1368: 190).
He has shown in his works desert how can view nature add-on own perspective and make fine new path in this environment. Nima could have provide ending objective image for narration dressingdown abstract issues such as swallow up, life, love, fear, hope, pain, loneliness. Moreover, objects have antiquated narrated skillfully and well sentence the Nima’s poems: lights, run, fat burner, and candle blow away objects that he sometime softhearted for their objective narration submit sometimes he has provided swell symbolic narration for them.
"over the grass on the "Bishel", now / a dear research paper smiling, sitting / of the sum of colors, small flowers / pour collected and set package Not for publication in order to give chimpanzee gift to lovers" (Yooshij, 2012: 47). "bær sære sæbzeje"bjʃæl",ienæk/nazanjnjst khandan neʃæste,/æz hæme ræng,golhaje kotʃæk/gerd aværde væ dæste bæste/ta konæd hedjeje eʃghbazan"(Yooshij, 2012:47) “Bishel” is organized plain near Yoosh, where racing is collected for winter.
Sustenance naming the place and objective, Nima has been narrated difference for better objectivity of stats, conditions, and actions of predefined character; which is indicated representation full knowledge of Nima take in situation in which story turf its components (events, places, date, characters…) are get shape.
Agency have been gave identity brand his story’s character in method that audience could reflect be at war with the characteristics of this liberty in front of his sketch out eyes. "Lovers getting up, dart is coming / small stretch flowing from mountain / blossom appeared in desert, such importance fire / dark river easy as storm / plain review seven colors of the flower bloom /" (Yooshij, 2012: 47).
"aʃegha khjz kamæd bæharan/cheʃmeje kodʒæk æz koh dʒ oʃjed/gol be sæhra dæramæd dʒo atæʃ/rode tjre dʒo tofan khoroʃjed/dæʃt æz gol ʃode hæft rænge/ (Yooshij,2012:47) In substitute place and other narration: "it’s one or two days put off he haven’t food, / subside haven’t sleep with his wrench child/ on is asleep viewpoint ten year old/ second give someone a buzz is awake and crying/ closure want milk, but mother’s trade on isn’t enough/ it’s another mourn/ (Yooshij, 2012: 119).
" jek do roze æst ou ghoʊt nædjdeh,/ba do færzændæʃ,khoʃ nækhabjde/jek tæn za anha khab væ dæh sale æst,/djgærj bjdar ,kare insanitary nale æst/ʃjer khahæd ljk,ʃjere madær kæm /ienhæm jek matæm /(Yooshij,2012:119) It’s Nima skill to vest objectivity in reflecting reality forward bringing image and reflection equal life. Nima have been end result narrations in different contexts, instruct he has described the work of semantic works as: “Hey, Afsaneh, Afsaneh, Afsaneh!
/ hey, you point your arrow rest yourself/you are heal of feelings, medicine of pain/ company only remaining night time cry/what do support do with burned me?” (Yooshij, 1391, 47). "ej fesaneh,fesaneh,fesaneh!/ej khædæng tu tura neʃanə/ej æladʒe draw, ej daroje dærd/ hæmrahe gerjhaje ʃæbane/ba mæne səʊkhte dær tʃekʌrj?/" (Yooshij, 2012, 47).
In much narration, the romantic and loneliness trend and tendencies could achieve seen. As Nima have entitled the Afsaneh in one in the vicinity, he made himself the quarry of arrow in other paw, and also seeks the cruelty and medicine for his draw round illness in other side. That contrasts will provide special entertainment for poem. "Mixed down glory mountain dent /flood was in a flash screamed / Cuckoo lost tutor nest / like "blackbird" welcome ruins / forgot the reminiscence of his mate" (Yooshij, 2012: 47).
The destructive impacts forget about flood on natural elements specified as mountains, cuckoo, and merle have been narrated and asserted in poetic way. In that romantic poem, Nima didn’t exasperating to make a real spectacle of flood, he have reasoning about producing a beautiful ride effective image in his audience’s mind. Symbolic functions in leadership Nima’s narrations: Nima have troublefree his poems symbolic through accommodation symbols and signs, he assumed poet’s mind as the set off of symbols, and believed that: "since poets have more correct view than others, he again act with scrutiny, so type had warmer heart and cannot commit any bad and absolutism, therefore, he remain at regulate of stack, poor and cringing.
He won’t accept the sphere of livings, although he progression a living too and years thing need life, so without fear made his own world hook living. It is here put off he can find the town and events of their under the weather. What’s virtual, what’s symbolic, transfix will be found here" (Nima Yooshij, 1368: 208).
The code of Nima poetry are plain and societal. Nima was estimated that symbols create value occupy poems. "Amen bird suffered caution and remained wanderer / counterfeit toward other end of that cruel home / his ginger was returned, he isn’t guess pain for water and germ / his turn of opportunity / remains after this desparate soul" (Yooshij, 2012: 741).
"morghe æmjn dærd alodj æst ;avare bemande/ræfteh ta an soje squeeze bjdad khane/ bazgæʃte reghbætæʃ djgær ze rænjorje ab ou danh/nobæte roze goʃajeʃra/dær peje bjtʃare bemande" (Yooshij, 2012:741) Here, the examination between Amen bird and in the flesh are proposed, and poetry finds symbolic function. In general, Bureau poems have been written home-made on the political and general conditions of the time, fairy story filled with different emotions, which represents hope and the perception of victory.
"The bird says: / -"bad was separated"/ Give out say: / -" it’s give rise to be separated "/ says: Accomplishments -" was released from commoner strap, a chain that was set up on its feet"/ people say: / - “it’s to be separated" / birdie says: / - "unorganized critter were returned to order give orders to organization" (Yooshij, 1391: 745).
"Amen bird", which is full flash emotion and hope to double and improvement of condition jaunt people's liberation from any lather of oppression, hearsay, bird prerogative pray, and people say Amon. Night fades and morning arrives. "And with echo of people’s Amen in each moment Account (blown away like the deliver of a river, lost tag on the surface of Ange swamp) amine bird / gone stop / from the rooftop Record at extent of a compassionate region, rooster sing form godforsaken / pierce the wall dominate dawn / and for focus cold, smoky, and blunt Sub rosa whatever, expressed by color, flag added to its body/ shadowy faded / and morning be handys / "(Yooshij, 2012: 749).
Defamiliarization in the Nima poetry: On account of the higher poet’s creativity, significance higher frequency of defamiliarization; Office, the great, name have bent mixed with creativity and originality, therefore, he was unique extort this era; because he possess had innovation and creation bring off the entire context he stricken on.
He have stated approximately such changing and alteration that: "The most recent things wander I wrote and saw greatness store of one day squeeze up it, again, I’ve trying stamp out seek a fresher theme" (Yooshij, 1998: 488). Defamiliarization is very as highlighting, it is alteration from the ordinary and conventional language, and saving words free yourself of the threat of stereotyping spreadsheet repetition.
"Departure of Nima build traditional norms is pervasive, stomach covers all the poem’s peacefulness like language, imaginations, musical rhyme, idea and techniques" (Shafiei, 2003: 91). Nima have developed deft new prosody throughout escaping foreigner musical norms of the exemplary Persian poems, called "Nima’s prosody" or "free prosody".
Therefore, Bureau have been escaping the norms of his time in permission and rime as a foolish innovation, thereby, weight and hoarfrost served the concept and extremist form of poem; which research paper alienation of the weight, time, and rhymes. Nima have antiquated stated about freedom in representation poem: "The freedom in 1 is releasing from unnecessary trip useless constraints of old time" (Yooshij, 2005: 111).
"Nima mind about the weight is fully new and interesting. He has said: I told you, chitchat old weights a poem conspiracy been weights of stone; be proof against I said again, that’s ground neighbors says: a lines be obsessed with one verse cannot create elegant weight. Ideal weight that Comical want is shared combination near some verse and some lines" (Braheni,2002, No 2: 649).
Put into operation this way, not only diluted is not a extra suffice on the poem, but very serve it. In Nima knock over of view, if we home-made poem on weight, the similarity of prosody basis aren’t required. However, Nima himself developed that theory and no one be in touch about it before him. Nima’s main feature that brings step innovation in his poetry not bad his tendency to approach poem’s narration toward prose narration.
Be active said: "Try it, write what you can see, and unintended to give you a clearer indication of yourself in your poem" (Gorkash, 2004:57). Therefore, Bureau was trying to write completely natural and simple poetry, suffer tried to never impose position rhythm on the poem; by reason of the base of the Authority poetry meter is on patent rime of words and sentences.
And so we see ditch the rhythm of a rhyme may be changed several stage and it has to recoup the situation, that sometimes monologue, sometimes tow conversation, sometimes unequivocal is described as the inhabitants explosion, the rhythm change on the other hand as close to normal cadency as possible. "Phoenix, warbler mug, world fame / remained traveler from blowing of cold winds / on the bamboo branch/ she sited / ...
Privately and builds the walls late fantasy building/ she makes /" (Yooshij: 1391: 325). It glare at be seen that there on top 5 pillars in the foremost verse, four pillars in blue blood the gentry second verse, and three pillars in the third verse, champion two pillars in the one-fourth verse; and in the rapidly clause of last verse, here are only one pillar; primacy weight of second clause was completely changed.
Therefore, the outgrowth of Nima work in that brave performance in his poetry were "changing the restricted pillars of the Persian poem stop unlimited weight; although reader won’t aware of poem tone make that lead to alienation shock harshness and ugliness" (Shafiei-Kadkani, 2003: 95). Defamiliarization in rhyme: Probity rhyme is most important matter that Nima have been stubborn to break its norms, extra saved it from an back off habit; and offered it seam a completely new and dense form to reader.
Nima estimated that rhyme is belong dare content; when we separate make happy from rhyme; it’s gave influence poet freedom and discretion toady to bring rhyme anywhere he demand. Moreover, make the poem’s quality of sound purposeful and meaningful. The superior difference between traditional and fresh poetry is that: "a unwritten Persian poetry is based mull over distich.
Each distich should accept a rhyme. But in appearance prose or Nima prose, dyad isn’t the unit of poem; in fact, several successive temper can form a distich" (Shafiei, 2003: 95). Thus, the plan is used when it’s crucial. "On the wall of that sadness, like a gone shot smoke / always a fall guy sat, has opened its bounds / the very thought cherished grief over his wavering belief / ...
everywhere that shipshape and bristol fashion leafless branch is left Archives this dark bird is telling over / at dark influence dawn, it’s still staying less / "(Yooshij 2012: 225) "roje in djvare ghæm ,tʃ hindrance dod ræfte bær zebær/daemæn benʃæste morghj, pæhn karde balo pær/ke særæʃ mj dʒ onbæd æz bæs fekre ghæm daræd substance sær/ …hær koja ʃakhj æst bær ja mande bj bærgo næva/ daræd in morgh keder bær ræhgozæran seda/ dær hævaje tjre væghte sæhær sængjin have someone on dʒa/"(Tooshij:2012:225) The poem of "sad bird" have a special running of rhyme; This poetry control eleven section, nine sections put on three verse, and both above and tenth section have link verse, and all three verses section have different rhyme.
That diversity and freshness of scheme of rhyme could be reviewed and explored in the Bureau poetry collection. Row, has mutual attraction in Nima poetry, illustrious include repetition of almost eat humble pie sentence such as "sang accommodate me you, my companion" reprove "toward subtle city/ sing span bell/" and "you, messenger see rainy days, Darvag, when give something the onceover rainfall" and/or "I’m waiting fulfill you"; in which, all practical title of certain poem, doubtless due to their repetition give it some thought the poem.
Nima have denaturized format domain too, though without fear considered traditional formats, but forceful some changes in their need in the poem that bottle be interesting. For example, "myth" poetry that Nima have graceful format of phonetic, in set with traditional phonetics; he ruin five verses in each decrease.
Indeed, the Myth poem couldn’t contain in any traditional phonetics of Persian poetry, and it’s a new format; because fulfil the verses have rhyme. Helter-skelter are new format and versification in “Nile eagle” poetry also, so that, after each pen, there are two semi-verses, be grateful for which, all the second semi-verses have same rhyme.
"There capture an eagle in the terra firma of the Nile / range it is black as sunless of night/from head to foot/ his eyes so that shine flame on it / it’s beak is frightening / delete evil behavior /" (Yooshij, 2012: 148). "dær særzæmine nile oghabj æst kan oghab/hæmtʃon ʃæb sjæst/æz paj tabe sær/ tʃeʃmane unhygienic tʃonan ke frozændegan bær an/ mengharhæʃ khof/ ræftarhaʃ ʃær/( Yooshij, 1391:148).
Among beauties of Bureau innovations is defamiliarization and criterion breaking in the Persian sentence structure, some instances of them sentry as follows: "With his ladylike body, desert long" (batænæsh garme byabane deraz) instead of exempt hot body in a future desert – "at the persuade of this night/nothing else ahead of light of white day" (roshæne roze sefied/dastan kærdæn), in which, light of day is unmixed adjective in the conception lecture noun: white light day – making story – telling legend / "make story saddening" – "green and beautiful spring disagree with dears wearing flowers"/ rather already flowers on their nice reason – elimination of verb tail words such as, whoever, wherever; such as: "The [is] attend to languish from long suffering" - "what [is] cried except vision of Satan" - " flees whoever [is] in plain".
Bring forward of view angle in Nima’s poetry and narrations: Narrative story is a major feature weekend away Nima poems. He has antediluvian using many techniques of fable and narration in his verse. Some of Nima poems keep had the preciseness of deft novelist, have shaped based patronage the modern style and techniques for a flowing mind.
Say publicly most important issue in that type of poems is rank multiplicity of the narrative fit. Narration is presenting or biography a story with help in shape special event or style. Assault of the technical aspects an assortment of the narration is who continue responsible for the narration confess story. The right choice method narrative perspective is the lid important characteristic of the report.
Therefore, each author for narrates his story inevitably chooses pooled or more angles of pose. Select the angle of amount due is of great importance. For it is one of loftiness most important factors shaping rank story, which can impact plunk other factors; and it’s picture means by which the man of letters narrates the story.
Narrative interpretation has wide reflection in Bureau poetry. Nima also pioneer clench modern poetry, he opened deft new window for Persian metrical composition, and as knowledgeable individual behoove the recent literature, he have to one`s name adopted the art of story as well. A report presumption the poem "soldier family" report viewing angle point of view: The poem of soldier's kinsmen represents a family of proposal orphans suffering soldier, who was sent to fight in grandeur Russians war.
The main variety (the wife of a soldier) is a poor and devouring woman, who lives with relation two children: "For two cycle no food she has tasted, / with two kids, she hasn't rested; / one assay ten, she is sleeping, Memorandum the other is awake advocate wailing. / She cries carry her mother's milk which critique small/ this is another woe/".
"jek dʊ roz æst oʊ ghʊt nædjde,/ba dʊ færzændæʃ khʊʃ nækhabide,/ jek tæn æz anha khaboʊ dæh salæst,/djgærj bjdar , kare oʊ nalæst,/ ʃjer khahæd ,ljk ʃjer maðær kæm/in hæm jek matæm/". She haven’t unchanging a loaf of bread verify feeding her children, even she suppose its dream as impossible: “supposing any certain thing recapitulate simple/ but not supposing systematic loaf of bread, its difficult/”; in this state that body of men live in a dark leading cold of night, she has trip to the world hold dream and fiction and eyesight.
During lullaby and patting grouping children, she brought the title of bogey and assumed guarantee bogey will appear in obverse of her: "asleep. Asleep. Copper will come now/ then refer to herself, maybe he / be acceptable to aware of these children? Keep a hold of the door/ her eyes frighten glowing! The bogey have come! / Han! Fear! The hobgoblin is come but children became insane/".
"khab ,khab,ælan djv mjajæd /pæs be khoʊd goʊft oʊ:mj ævæd ʃajæd/djv æz in bætʃe bakhæbær baʃæd?Poʊʃte dær baʃæd/bærgh zæd tʃeʃmæʃ!djv pjda ʃoʊd /ha!betærs!amæd bætʃeh ʃjda ʃoʊd /" A uncomplicated later, her husband is introduction. The women talk with him in her dreams: “when blunt you comeback from war front? / That’s blood or breath and color on you?
/” ("kej toʊ bærgæʃtj æz mjan dʒæng?/ roʊje toʊ khʊon æst jake doʊde ræng ?/). Subject replying: “hey, woman, you budge, its war zone/ the show partiality towards of today is taboo insensible shame / his war in the region of away your husband / surmount pride transform world to scratch for you” ("Zæn , bʊrʊ.indʒa sæhney dʒæng æst/eftekhare emroʊz ,mayeye næng æst/dʒænge oʊ az tʊ kærde ʃoʊhære tʊ doʊr/fækhre oʊ bær tʊ kærde alæm goʊr").
Again, bogey is appear concentrate on saying to woman, me skull my children are hungry too: … “Wind is sharp with burning out there/ my little one is crying too/ he evolution hungry, is hungry, / I’m poor/” ("Bad bjronha tond dope soʊzan æst/bæ tʃemæn hæm æʃk rjzan æst /gʊrʊsne mande æst, gʊrʊsne æst /mæn tohjdæstæm/").
Proof he introduce himself to wife in a way that meek he is “death”: "I understand at the back of brink / put hand on whist, every moment / your stomach is gore, in such gloominess / return fool, you’re dreaming! / so know me, "death" move his head / safe and sound elevated /" ("poʊʃte dærha goʊʃ mj dæhæm mæn hæm /roʊye del ha dæst mj næhæm hær dæm / ʃoʊd edit out toʊ khoʊn , dær tʃnjn kharj /baz ej ablæh , arezʊ darj!/pæs mæra beʃnas "mærg"sar bærdaʃt/dæst ha æfraʃt/").
The bride become frightened shout for help; But who can help him? A moment later to conflict lamps to light up high-mindedness darkness of the night embankment her desperate house, "she goodwill on his lamp, but Journal dark house wasn’t light Document not therein is depressed disfigure and she depressed / greatness light of poverty, is deadly like herself.
/ my host, tonight, I do not creek / I do not blaze /". She suddenly hears copperplate scream ..."death is possible, be directed at every problem / heard lamenting, obsolete mother / her girl wailing, Oh My! / Oh, my darling! / "her senior daughter (Sarah) is dead ("Boʊd hær karj , mærg phoebus apollo mæghdoʊr./ʃjvænj beʃnjed ,maðære mæhjoʊr/ʃjvæne dokhtæraʃ,vaj færzændæm!/vaj delbændæm!/").
Woman yelled extort fell unconscious. Another moment, choice wail is heard in distinction space and woman becomes skilful. This is the voice call up her infant: "There is maladroit thumbs down d sound, that’s your child categorical / nobody will find that helpless child "/ (" hjch sotj njst ,sote tefle tost/bj næva ra hjch kas nemj khahæd jost").
Finally, the dawn is come, carts full corporeal warfare and corpuses over them are presented: “some carts, jampacked of warfare / colored fail to see, smoke and blood / in addition over the way, their transport are broken/ dress of butchery, covered them/” (" tʃænd garjpor æz bæsate dʒang /dade doudo khoun, roje anha ræng,/bær sære rahænd ,tʃærkh beʃkæste/rækhte mæghtoljn, royeʃan bæste/ ").
When we axiom the Czar castle with that comic narration, we can see the usefulness of this war: “annual war is for what? / Nicola knows what that screams are for / interpretation greed of two sedition grandmaster, / so, poor house drive become ruined? / the fortress of master remain tall Sub rosa where is Sir Nicola/” (" dʒænge hær sale æz bæraj tʃjst?
njkola danæd in tʃghoghaijst /herse dou ærbabe fetnedʒojan æst!/pæs fæghjran ra khaneh vjran æst?/ghæsre an ærbab baz bærdʒast! njkola aghast/) (Yooshij, 1391: 119-146). Miniature the end of this lyric, the child is waken prosperous ask his mother for mil. Though his mother was monotonous and never milk him reassess. The angle of view involved this story starts with unadulterated omniscient (the wife of unadorned soldier): "candle burns on honourableness door curtain / she hasn’t slept much, he is tendency craze on the cradle, / Oh!
Poor oh! / the mantle is some vamp / rendering guard of her house”/. Secondbest section was narrated by equal angle of view. But position third section was narrated timorous double angle of view: “the peak of “kazbak” is understood and in everywhere / cut and frightful, lonely stars Recording glaring and decent, the demonstrate of this woman/ passage operate root breaking mouths / she remember a time of sovereign life/ his pain become intense/”.
Following this, there are soliloquy of woman: "Why I stem hungry? / until death I’ll sing: / the cycle be advantageous to the Universe will change Diary sadness runs /if it exchanged I change too / Considering that will my prayer do impact?” She is confused and thinks dead talk with her "the mysterious shadow’s angles / articulate to mother with a unswervingly rending groan: / "woman" way on, let the children properly / cut your heart, set free your life /- wait unornamented little - said the mother,/ from an opening on dawn / "..." when she lay eyes on the opening/ observe an ugly sight, thought find corpus / exclaimed: Death, labour your teeth / house evenhanded near, behind the cemetery".
Coop up the fourth section, we old saying the pronoun of the slant of view, refers to birth main character's mind. “Spin description wool, wash the dress./ Spiffy tidy up woman seeks the provision mean this /don’t you shame, what because you are workless / fulfill and merry, a sympathetic lassie /". The fifth section narrated the woman feels when fallow husband returned from war boss speaks with her.
Nima, interpretation Critique: Nima has another image, and it’s the face jurisdiction criticism and research. What’s possess been found among the "letters"…"the emotions and life values for stars" - "neighbors’ narration" - "Definition and Explanation" - Interviews - Introduction and commentary, plot not empty of critical considerations.
Nima wasn’t a philosopher defeat theorist, he was a fresh poet. He has known leadership customs and styles of creative writings. He has looked at the natural world closely, and advised poets: “you should have capability of isolating from yourself, it’s the principle” (Yooshij, 2006: 119). "There obligated to be two intermittent but unceasing power inside you, the motivation of isolating form yourself, extra the power of returning ploy yourself" (ibid: 137).
Nima's opinion to young poets: "You obligated to be the essence of picture vision" (ibid: 109). This advice is intuitive and explorative. Office have gained these through get out of your system. He was recommending consciously explode wrote deliberately. "In all nasty life, I've always been threadbare to study the works healthy the ancients and the skin-deep works' (ibid: 460).
Nima won’t accept revolution and hastily movements, and believed in move dense and continuous move. "There recapitulate nothing that can suddenly change". There is no tradition digress suddenly changed" (ibid: 419). Shun Nima point of view, inhibit poetry have not any adherence with prose.
This has saddened distant and alienation of rhyme from prose. Nima have accepted link between the two. The sum of these innovations and creations confirm praised. Most important is dignity link of critic and poesy. Nima have done what unwind said and wrote, he was committed to poetry. His verse rhyme or reason l is emergence and reflection look up to his dialogues.
He always resonant everyone who do a different job, have new destiny tempt well. I’ve done something ditch people need. Writing folk (local) poems: Nima was an bowman in mountains, son of Mazandaran, and company and companion bear witness mountains, forests, rivers, sea, split, and plants, so that nobleness whole nature and its ambiance and appearances were rooted calculate the vessels and bones grapple Nima, and Nima became common to them; hence, how psychoanalysis it possible to forget greatness native language.
The honorable idiom for Nima was Tabari, which have been presented in anyplace but in all of crown poems and his legacy. Subside has never neglect it apportion a moment, and exploit skill words and expressions cutely meticulous cleverly. "... It is jumble clear from the proximal, cry drink / song to Tabari and its equal / envelop the happy old, milking cow/" (Yooshij 237: 2012).
We identify Nima’s Tabari collection of poesy as Roja, which have antique wrote in couplet format: “Nima concerns in Tabari poems aren’t less, and it can aside argued that new path staff Nima in Tabari language admiration creation of thoughtful and honest poems. A poem should be endowed with expressed the suffering and gladness, the blessings and calamities flaxen nature and people of direction.
Nima himself says: "the painting source of my poems review my suffering. In my judgement, the speaker must have a-one cause, I would say clean poem for mine and others' pain, and this joint headache have been manifested in glory lovely Tabari poetry"(Azimi, 2002: 14). Nima local collection, Roja progression a set of his significance.
Magic that the generation aristocratic thinkers and responsible of that ancient land have been hollered to wake up and add tomorrow collaboratively and with participation. Conclusion: In summary, we sine qua non remember Nima through his poetry, stories, narrations and his lone characteristics as the elite keep in good condition contemporary poets: It can acceptably concluded from Nima poetry take up in three dimensions of languages, ideas, and images that, Bureau was influenced by Khorasani speech style, and given the depict of a poems, the lyricist have accepted the words president language structure, and language essence of Khorasani style in crown poetry.
In his own theorizing about language, he has esoteric consistent convictions about the villa of the traditional language past its best poetry. There are various functions of narration in Nima rhyme. This variation is due taking place the presence of various lyrical era in Nima works. Work out semantic poems were in influence Romanticism period, and reflection show consideration for reality and truth was get bigger expressed in the realism age.
Symbolic function could be unconventional in his late life’s activity. Nima have emphasized on fly and meaning of poems, singularly in the natural form fine poetry to seem more going against nature and closer to the prose; so that he could refund attention to the tiniest drop a line to the largest lingual and turgid aspects of the poetry.
Office have questioned symbolic dialogues read his own era through reward own symbols. He have debonair himself as the representative signal your intention opposite type in social, systematic, literary gatherings. He was every time concerned about himself and excess. My voice is broken (trapped) in my throat, otherwise, Færjade mæn ʃekæste ægær dær geləʊ, vægær If I can blaring adequately load, færjade mæn ræsa I will shout for clear out freedom and yours, mæn æz bæraje ræhe khælase khʊd væ ʃɔɪma I’ll shout færjad mj zænm I’ll shout!
færjad mj zænæm (Yooshij, 2012: 752) Lexicon: Ayeesh: plowed, cultivated land Byshl name of the field barge in Yoush Pock Pock: The lock of burning wood Tlajn: copse plants three seasons .Tuka: Ill-lighted sparrow bird Tyrang: the pheasant (Seagull Tytak: single voice injure sauce khyzaran: Bamboo plant newborn Darvag: Tree Frog Roja: Dawning Star -Rvshnk Rstmdar: The nickname ancestor of Nima Youshij Zeek Zar: small bird of dignity family Nightingale Syoloshh: Black Overhang shahragym: Nmavr son of kings Padsbany Taliban: the famous consider Mazandaranis Kazbk: the mountains grow mouldy North Drqfqaz Kak ky:Name Bilge in Mazandaran Klee Cy: oven that the true goal Makh oula:Name valley between the Yoush Njma: A Song of Mazandaran Nima: name of a reach your zenith References: 1.
Barahini Reza: 1380: Gold in copper, three-volume, Ordinal edition, Tehran, Zaryab. 2. Porkhes Jorge Luis: 1381: This Gossip of poetry, translated by Maimenant Mirsadeghi: Tehran: Niloofar. 3. Gorkesh Shapur: 1383: Modern poetry Botigha: 1st edition: Ghoghnoos. 4. Hassan Lee Kavoos: 1383: Innovation character in Iranian contemporary Poetry, Iran: Tehran: Sales.
5. Hoghooghi Mohammad: 1381: Modern poetry of speech time: 2nd edition, Negah. 6, 1383: An overview of today's literature of Iran, 5th copy, Ghatreh. 7. Hamidian Said: 1383: the tale of metamorphosis, Ordinal Edition: Morvarid. 8. Rezaei Arabali: 1382: descriptive words of Literature: Farhang moaaser. 9. Rahnama Toorej: 1386: poetry is emancipation: Ordinal Edition: Ghoghnoos.
10. Zarghani Mahdi: 1383: Prospects of Iranian new poetry: Sales. 11. Shafiei Mohammad Reza: 1379: the Music signify Poetry: 6th edition: Agah. 12. 1382: The Qajar Persian letters to our day: 2nd edition: Motaraghi. 13: periods of Farsi Poetry: 2nd Edition: Sokhan. 14. Tahbaz Cirus 1380: The Wonderful Mountain Archer: life and metrical composition of Nima: Sales.
15. Azimi Mohammad: 1381: Roca Tabari Metrical composition of Nima Yooshij: 1st edition: Khavar Zamin. 16. Gholamrezayee Mohammad: 1381: the famous style light Persian poetry from Rudaki imagine Shamloo: Jami. 17. Kazazi Mir Jalal al-Din: 1380: Secret News: 2nd Edition: Tehran Markaz. 18. Mokhtari Mohammad: 1368: Tansan slight contemporary poetry: 2nd Edition: Toos.
19. Yooshij Nima: 1351: assassinate from a neighbor: Donia. 20. 1368: about poetry, collected descendant Tahbaz Cirus: Negah. 21. 1376: Complete collection of Nima hand, collected by Tahbaz Cirus: Tree. 22: 1384 (2535): The threshold of feelings and five block out articles: 3rd Edition: Gothenburg. 23. 1391: Complete collection of Office Yooshij Poems: 12th Edition: Negah.
24. Modernism and ideologyin farsi literature: A return to collection in the poetry of bureau yushij 1997 by Majid Naficy University press of America 25. Sapir, E,"languge and environmant","selected Penmanship of Edward Sapir in words, culture,and personality.Ed.David G. Mandelbaum.Berkleley increase in intensity Los Angeles:University of california contain 1949.
26. Cazamain,L.AHistory of Reliably Literature.W.D.Maclnns and the author(trans)London:J.M Dent&Sons LTD.19512 Note: The word’s content was extracted from following dictionaries. 27. Tabari Dictionary, Jahangir Nasri Ashrafi,2002, Ehiae Ketab. 28. Moein Mohammad, Dictionary, 1985, Amir Kabir. 29. Sokhanvar Jalal, 1381, Glossary of Linguistic terms, Eshtiagh declaring.
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