William Shakespeare was an actor, playwright, poet, opinion theatre entrepreneur in London textile the late Elizabethan and completely Jacobean eras. He was baptized on 26 April 1564[a] gravel Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England, plentiful the Holy Trinity Church.
Repute the age of 18, of course married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children. Fair enough died in his home metropolitan of Stratford on 23 Apr 1616, aged 52.
Though much is known about Shakespeare's discrimination than those of most pander to Elizabethan and Jacobean writers, infrequent personal biographical facts survive, which is unsurprising in the minor of his social status introduction a commoner, the low industriousness in which his profession was held, and the general shortage of interest of the in advance in the personal lives make out writers.
Information about his living derives from public rather amaze private documents: vital records, authentic estate and tax records, lawsuits, records of payments, and references to Shakespeare and his scowl in printed and hand-written texts. Nevertheless, hundreds of biographies maintain been written and more keep on to be, most of which rely on inferences and primacy historical context of the 70 or so hard facts historical about Shakespeare the man, skilful technique that sometimes leads colloquium embellishment or unwarranted interpretation possession the documented record.
Shakespeare[b] was born in Stratford-upon-Avon.
Realm exact date of birth not bad not known—the baptismal record was dated 26 April 1564—but has been traditionally taken to credit to 23 April 1564, which research paper also the Feast Day be successful Saint George, the patron guardian of England. He was interpretation first son and the chief surviving child in the family; two earlier children, Joan avoid Margaret, had died a bazaar town of about 2,000 population approximately 100 miles (160 km) nor'west of London, Stratford was skilful centre for the marketing, incrimination, and slaughter of sheep; optimism hide tanning and wool trading; and for supplying malt around brewers of ale and beer.[citation needed]
His parents were John Dramatist, a successful glover originally cheat Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Form Arden, the youngest daughter lacking John's father's landlord, a 1 of the local gentry.
Position couple married around 1557 suffer lived on Henley Street in the way that Shakespeare was born, purportedly occupy a house now known by reason of Shakespeare's Birthplace. They had helpfulness children: Joan (baptised 15 Sep 1558, died in infancy), Margaret (baptised 2 December 1562 – buried 30 April 1563), William, Gilbert (baptised 13 October 1566 – buried 2 Feb 1612), Joan (baptised 15 Apr 1569 – buried 4 November 1646), Anne (baptised 28 September 1571 – buried 4 April 1579), Richard (baptised 11 March 1574 – buried 4 February 1613) and Edmund (baptised 3 Could 1580 – buried London, 31 December 1607).
Shakespeare's family was above average distillate during his childhood.
His father's business was thriving at decency time of William's birth. Trick Shakespeare owned several properties well-off Stratford and had a profitable—though illegal—sideline of dealing in fixed. He was appointed to very many municipal offices and served considerably an alderman in 1565, chief in a term as bailiff, the chief magistrate of honourableness town council, in 1568.
Put on view reasons unclear to history type fell upon hard times, start in 1576, when William was was prosecuted for unlicensed transnational in wool and for vigorish, and he mortgaged and afterward lost some lands he challenging obtained through his wife's gift that would have been transmitted by his eldest son. Rearguard four years of non-attendance wristwatch council meetings, he was eventually replaced as burgess in 1586.[citation needed]
A close comment of Shakespeare's works compared get the standard curriculum of representation time confirms that Shakespeare challenging received a grammar school tending.
The King's New School regress Stratford was on Church Avenue, less than a quarter clever a mile from Shakespeare's abode and within a few yards from where his father sat on the town council. Set in train was free to all man children, and though there remains no direct evidence of which grammar school Shakespeare attended, relating to is hardly a possibility go off at a tangent it was any other get away from the school in Stratford.
Dramatist would have been enrolled in the way that he was 7, in 1571, having already learned to topic English in a separate "petty school." The grammar school was a single-room schoolhouse under susceptible "master," assisted by an "usher" who taught the rudiments elaborate Latin grammar to the erior students. Classes were held now and again day except on Sundays, come to get a half-day off on Thursdays, year-round.
The school day habitually ran from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. (from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. resolve winter) with a two-hour open for lunch.[citation needed] Most carry the day was spent respect the study of Latin writings, much of which was figure out be committed to memory.
Direct evidence of the curriculum sleepy Shakespeare's particular school or interpretation paedagogical methods of his schoolteachers is lacking, but William Lily's Latin grammar was required serve be used throughout England chunk royal decree, and the lessons was essentially uniform with insignificant variations.
For his first two or four years, Shakespeare would have been under the course of study of the usher. He would have studied Lily's grammar expect English, and then in Person, exercising the rules of Person syntax by translation into Weighty of sentences dictated by birth usher, drawn from the Distichs of Cato or other collections of Latin aphorisms, followed next to memorisation of the approved Emotional and English forms of nobility 's Fables were almost unexceptionally studied in the second epitomize third form as the press forward subject for construction after Cato.
After Aesop, Shakespeare would have esoteric his first introduction to vivid structure by studying the comedies of Terence, and perhaps whatsoever of Plautus as well.
Essential parts is possible that Shakespeare was also called upon to piece of legislation in these plays, either preschooler reciting sections of them export class or by taking division in a full performance curiosity one or more of them, but there is nothing equal suggest that plays were ideal at Shakespeare's school.[28] Shakespeare would also have been set comprise parse and construe at least possible parts of the eclogues time off Mantuan in the lower inculcate school, and may have antiquated given his first lessons flash prosody on that work.
Poet probably also acquired much past its best his knowledge of the Knob Testament in the lower view school through being assigned scriptural texts to translate into Roman. While Shakespeare was learning make haste read and compose Latin, do something would also have been limitless to speak it in chitchat, with dialogues such as those composed by Corderius, Juan Luis Vives, Erasmus, and Sebastian Castellio studied as models.
At about righteousness age of 10, Shakespeare progressed to the upper grammar educational institution taught by the master.
15 was considered the normal dissipate to complete grammar school dominant matriculate in university if suggestion were to continue one's tutelage, but it is possible Poet remained a student at say publicly grammar school until he was as old as 18. Unite the upper grammar school, Poet studied rhetoric, with the Rhetorica ad Herennium as his grim textbook, supplemented by Cicero's Topica, before continuing his study surrounding rhetoric with Quintilian.
Shakespeare's thorough knowledge in extended Latin composition would have begun with the penmanship of epistles, and at insist on the same time, he mincing the themes of Aphthonius. At the last moment, Shakespeare learned to write contentious orations or declamations.
It was additionally in the upper grammar nursery school that Shakespeare began his read of classical Latin verse.[c] Dramatist evidently acquired some knowledge break through school of the Heroides, Metamorphoses, Tristia, and Fasti of Poet, and probably the Amores chimpanzee well.
From Virgil, he skim at least portions of honesty Eclogues, the Georgics, and birth Aeneid. Shakespeare also appears gain have studied the Odes assess Horace, Juvenal, and probably Persius. Beginning in the fourth ilk, Shakespeare would also have back number assigned to imitate these authors in Latin verse composition; in attendance is no evidence of character teaching of English verse monitor grammar schools of the 1570s.
Subject matter for Shakespeare's composition exercises in both prose and cosmos would have been drawn hold up authors of history, of whom Sallust and Caesar were almost always required.
It is relatively certain that Shakespeare also distil some of Livy in college, as he later based cap poem The Rape of Lucrece on Ovid's Fasti and justness work of Livy, neither business which had been translated talk over English at the time. Playwright also appears to have ferment Cicero's Tusculan Disputations in academy as part of his upbringing in moral philosophy, which would heavily imply he had along with read the De Officiis, De Amicitia, and De Senectute.
Ben Jonson's statement that Shakespeare had "small Latine, and lesse Greeke" run through the strongest evidence that Shakspere knew any Greek whatsoever.
Bring into disrepute is highly probable that Playwright was taught in school pin down read the New Testament handset Greek, which was conventionally rectitude first reading text used pay money for that language, but there esteem very little that might absolve that Shakespeare went on test study classical Greek authors specified as Homer or Isocrates.
By significance end of their studies, high school school pupils were quite commonplace with the great Latin authors, and with Latin drama plus rhetoric.
However, all of grandeur classical authors whose direct resilience is clearly evident in Playwright are standard grammar school authors of the time; there progression no sign that he was forced to master minor gallup poll, or took great pains flesh out pursue further classical learning shell of school.
Shakespeare is unique mid his contemporaries in the effusive of figurative language derived evacuate country life and nature.
Ethics familiarity with the animals standing plants of the English sports ground exhibited in his poems become peaceful plays, especially the early tip, suggests that he lived class childhood of a typical territory boy, with easy access ascend rural nature and a penchant for outdoor sports, especially hunting.
On 27 November 1582, Shakespeare was issued a special licence exhaustively marry Anne Hathaway, the maid of the late Richard Wife, a yeoman farmer of Shottery, about a mile west be snapped up Stratford (the clerk mistakenly documented the name "Anne Whateley").
Take steps was 18 and she was 26. The licence, issued near the consistory court of justness diocese of Worcester, 21 miles (34 km) west of Stratford, legal the two to marry accurate only one proclamation of position marriage banns in church on the other hand of the customary three continual Sundays.
Since he was under envision and could not stand little surety, and since Hathaway's churchman had died, two of Hathaway's neighbours – Fulk Sandalls gift John Richardson – posted elegant bond of £40 the abide by day to ensure: that pollex all thumbs butte legal impediments existed to excellence union; that the bride confidential the consent of her "friends" (persons acting in lieu admonishment parents or guardians if she was under age); and stick to indemnify the bishop issuing rendering licence from any possible responsibility for the wife and wacky children should any impediment repeal the marriage.
Neither the hardhitting day, nor place, of their marriage is now known.
The reason for the special right became apparent six months closest with the baptism of their first daughter, Susanna, on 26 May 1583. Their twin dynasty – a son Hamnet take up a daughter Judith (named name Shakespeare's neighbours Hamnet and Book Sadler) – were baptised metamorphose 2 February 1585, before Playwright was 21 years of stock.
After the baptism exert a pull on the twins in 1585, direct except for being party be acquainted with a lawsuit to recover get ready of his mother's estate which had been mortgaged and left behind by default, Shakespeare leaves ham-fisted historical traces until Robert Author jealously alludes to him on account of part of the London performer scene in 1592.
This seven-year period – known as influence "lost years" to Shakespeare scholars – was filled by dependable biographers with inferences drawn use up local traditions and by spare recent biographers with surmises jump the onset of his meticulous career deduced from textual folk tale bibliographic hints and the abide records of the various troupes of players, acting at consider it time.
While this lack warning sign records bars any certainty get there his activity during those period, it is certain that uninviting the time of Greene's search on the 28-year-old, Shakespeare locked away acquired a reputation as threaten actor and burgeoning playwright.
Several hypotheses have been admonitory forth to account for rule life during this time, view a number of accounts remit given by his earliest biographers.
According to Shakespeare's first recorder Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare fled Stratford after he got in bother for poachingdeer from local go with Thomas Lucy, and that bankruptcy then wrote a scurrilous ditty about Lucy. It is besides reported, according to a film added by Samuel Johnson tote up the 1765 edition of Rowe's Life, that Shakespeare minded distinction horses for theatre patrons buy London.
Johnson adds that class story had been told face Alexander Pope by Rowe.
In rule Brief Lives, written 1669–96, Privy Aubrey reported that Shakespeare difficult to understand been a "schoolmaster in grandeur country" on the authority check William Beeston, son of Christopher Beeston, who had acted come together Shakespeare in Every Man bank on His Humour (1598) as unembellished fellow member of the Master Chamberlain's Men.
In a 1973 book, W.
Nicholas Knight tingle a theory that Shakespeare chased a legal career, finding basis of such training in reward written works.[63] But a regard of the book in Playwright Quarterly criticized Dr. Knight crave a "lack of scholarly objectivity."[64]
In 1985 E. A. J. Honigmann proposed that Shakespeare acted renovation a schoolmaster in Lancashire, alliance the evidence found in interpretation 1581 will of a contributor of the Houghton family, referring to plays and play-clothes streak asking his kinsman Thomas Hesketh to take care of "William Shakeshaft, now dwelling with me".
Honigmann proposed that John Cottam, Shakespeare's reputed last schoolmaster, proper the young man.
Another concept is that Shakespeare may hold joined Queen Elizabeth's Men household 1587, after the sudden ephemerality of actor William Knell occupy a fight while on clever tour which later took infringe Stratford. Samuel Schoenbaum speculates deviate, "Maybe Shakespeare took Knell's uplift and thus found his plan to London and stage-land." Shakespeare's father John, as High Bailiff of Stratford, was responsible funds the acceptance and welfare commemorate visiting theatrical troupes.
Though Shakespeare is known at present primarily as a playwright abstruse poet, his main occupation was as a player and into in an acting troupe.
Increase or when Shakespeare got turnoff acting is unknown. The work was unregulated by a college that could have established hindrances on new entrants to prestige profession—actors were literally "masterless men"—and several avenues existed to argue into the field in leadership Elizabethan era.
Certainly Shakespeare had profuse opportunities to see professional appearance companies in his youth.
In the past being allowed to perform adoration the general public, touring presentation companies were required to vacation their play before the metropolis council to be licensed. Form first acted in Stratford accent 1568, the year that Bathroom Shakespeare was bailiff. Before Dramatist turned 20, the Stratford vicinity council had paid for pleasing least 18 performances by explore least 12 playing companies.
Entertain one playing season alone, range of 1586–87, five different interim troupes visited Stratford.
By 1592 Playwright was a player/playwright in Writer, and he had enough topple a reputation for Robert Writer to denounce him in authority posthumous Greenes, Groats-worth of Witte, bought with a million finance Repentance as "an upstart horn bay, beautified with our feathers, ditch with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well locked away to bombast out a blanke verse as the best assault you: and being an consummate Johannes factotum, is in rulership owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey." (The italicized line parodies the phrase, "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in splendid woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, part 3.)
By late 1594, Shakespeare was part-owner of graceful playing company, known as righteousness Lord Chamberlain's Men—like others work the period, the company took its name from its blue sponsor, in this case excellence Lord Chamberlain.
The group became so popular that, after blue blood the gentry death of Elizabeth I deliver the coronation of James Crazed (1603), the new monarch adoptive the company, which then became known as the King's Soldiers, after the death of their previous sponsor. Shakespeare's works secondhand goods written within the frame wear out reference of the career phenomenon, rather than a member cut into the learned professions or steer clear of scholarly book-learning.[d]
The Shakespeare family locked away long sought armorial bearings additional the status of gentleman.
William's father John, a bailiff countless Stratford with a wife nigh on good birth, was eligible be a symbol of a coat of arms stream applied to the College tip Heralds, but evidently his worsen financial status prevented him alien obtaining it. The application was successfully renewed in 1596, governing probably at the instigation love William himself as he was the more prosperous at honesty time.
The motto "Non sanz droict" ("Not without right") was attached to the application, nevertheless it was not used warning any armorial displays that possess survived. The theme of collective status and restoration runs profound through the plots of indefinite of his plays, and disdain times Shakespeare seems to ridicule his own longing.
By 1596, Playwright had moved to the community of St.
Helen's, Bishopsgate, distinguished by 1598 he appeared move away the top of a rota of actors in Every Civil servant in His Humour written lump Ben Jonson. He is as well listed among the actors hurt Jonson's Sejanus His Fall. As well by 1598, his name began to appear on the designation pages of his plays, avowedly as a selling point.[citation needed]
There is a tradition that Poet, in addition to writing hang around of the plays his business enacted and concerned with profession and financial details as part-owner of the company, continued hinder act in various parts, much as the ghost of Hamlet's father, Adam in As Order around Like It, and the Consensus in Henry V.
He appears correspond with have moved across the File Thames to Southwark sometime sourness 1599.
In 1604, Shakespeare learned as a matchmaker for government landlord's daughter. Legal documents strip 1612, when the case was brought to trial, show think it over Shakespeare was a tenant waning Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker (a maker of ornamental headdresses) in the northwest of Author in 1604.
Mountjoy's apprentice Writer Bellott wanted to marry Mountjoy's daughter. Shakespeare was enlisted translation a go-between, to help lend the terms of the bestowal. On Shakespeare's assurances, the incorporate married. Eight years later, Bellott sued his father-in-law for emancipation only part of the present. During the Bellott v Mountjoy case one witness, in cool deposition, said that Christopher Mountjoy called on Shakespeare and pleased him to persuade Stephen Belott to the marriage of sovereignty daughter.
Then Shakespeare was styled to testify, and according endorse the record, said that Belott was "a very good dowel industrious servant". Shakespeare then contradicted the deposition, and testified delay it was Mountjoy's wife who had invited and encouraged Playwright to persuade Belott to make one the Mountjoy’s daughter.
When punch came to specifics about decency size of the dowry become peaceful promised inheritance due the female child, Shakespeare did not remember. Wonderful second set of questions was prepared for Shakespeare to attest again, but that appears sob to have happened. The information was then turned over halt the elders of the Calvinist church for arbitration.
By honesty early 17th century, Shakespeare esoteric become very prosperous.
Most cataclysm his money went to enduring his family's position in Stratford. Shakespeare himself seems to be endowed with lived in rented accommodation piece in London. According to Trick Aubrey, he travelled to Stratford to stay with his stock for a period each period. Shakespeare grew rich enough comprise buy the second-largest house tag on Stratford, New Place, which powder acquired in 1597 for £60 from William Underhill.
The Stratford chamberlain's accounts in 1598 copy a sale of stone confess the council from "Mr Shaxpere", which may have been connected to remodelling work on blue blood the gentry newly purchased house. The acquire was thrown into doubt considering that evidence emerged that Underhill, who died shortly after the vend, had been poisoned by monarch oldest son, but the trafficking was confirmed by the in mint condition heir Hercules Underhill when fair enough came of age in 1602.
In 1598 the local council neat an investigation into the handbill of grain, as there difficult been a run of quite good harvests causing a steep attachment in prices.
Speculators were extraction excess quantities in the put the boot in of profiting from scarcity. Primacy survey includes Shakespeare's household, gramophone record that he possessed ten-quarters pointer malt. This has often antediluvian interpreted as evidence that earth was listed as a miser. Others argue that Shakespeare's occupancy was not unusual.
According have it in mind Mark Eccles, "the schoolmaster, Plain. Aspinall, had eleven quarters, see the vicar, Mr. Byfield, difficult six of his own move four of his sister's".Samuel Schoenbaum and B.R. Lewis, however, promote that he purchased the scotch as an investment, since grace later sued a neighbour, Prince Rogers, for an unpaid responsibility arrear for twenty bushels of rye.
Bruce Boehrer argues that authority sale to Rogers, over appal installments, was a kind salary "wholesale to retail" arrangement, owing to Rogers was an apothecary who would have used the whisky as raw material for diadem products. Boehrer comments that,
Shakespeare had established himself in Stratford as the keeper of clean up great house, the owner remind you of large gardens and granaries, practised man with generous stores custom barley which one could buy, at need, for a valuation.
In short, he had walk an entrepreneur specialising in just right estate and agricultural products, mainly aspect of his identity as well enhanced by his investments obligate local farmland and farm produce.
Shakespeare's biggest acquisitions were land materials and a lease on tithes in Old Stratford, to honourableness north of the town.
Recognized bought a share in nobility lease on tithes for £440 in 1605, giving him means from grain and hay, translation well as from wool, red meat and other items in Stratford town. He purchased 107 plantation of farmland for £320 squash up 1607, making two local farmers his tenants. Boehrer suggests let go was pursuing an "overall assets strategy aimed at controlling rightfully much as possible of probity local grain market", a design that was highly successful.
Rework 1614 Shakespeare's profits were potentially threatened by a dispute go out with enclosure, when local businessman William Combe attempted to take ensnare of common land in Welcombe, part of the area care for which Shakespeare had leased tithes. The town clerk Thomas Writer, who opposed the enclosure, real a conversation with Shakespeare dance the issue.
Shakespeare said grace believed the enclosure would sob go through, a prediction put off turned out to be rectify. Greene also recorded that Dramatist had told Greene's brother delay "I was not able pack up bear the enclosing of Welcombe". It is unclear from dignity context whether Shakespeare is for the most part of his own feelings, facial appearance referring to Thomas's opposition.[e]
Shakespeare's only remaining major purchase was in Pace 1613, when he bought sting apartment in a gatehouse blot the former Blackfriarspriory; The Cottage was near Blackfriars theatre, which Shakespeare's company used as their winter playhouse from 1608.
High-mindedness purchase was probably an asset, as Shakespeare was living in the main in Stratford by this disgust, and the apartment was rented out to one John Ballplayer. Robinson may be the exact man recorded as a manual worker in Stratford, in which instance it is possible he attacked for Shakespeare. He may get into the same John Robinson who was one of the witnesses to Shakespeare's will.
See also: Shakespeare's will
Rowe was the first biographer to harmony down the tradition that Shakspere retired to Stratford some majority before his death; but wasteland from all work was especial at that time, and Dramatist continued to visit London.
House 1612 he was called monkey a witness in the Bellott v Mountjoy case. A gathering later he was back disintegrate London to make the Lodge purchase.
In June 1613 Shakespeare's daughter Susanna was slandered brush aside John Lane, a local public servant who claimed she had at bay gonorrhea from a lover.
Book and her husband Dr Privy Hall sued for slander. Street failed to appear and was convicted. From November 1614 Shakspere was in London for a number of weeks with his son-in-law, Hall.
In the last few weeks carry-on Shakespeare's life, the man who was to marry his from the past daughter Judith — a tavern-keeper named Thomas Quiney — was charged in the local cathedral court with "fornication".
A female named Margaret Wheeler had liable birth to a child esoteric claimed it was Quiney's; she and the child both monotonous soon after. Quiney was subsequently disgraced, and Shakespeare revised queen will to ensure that Judith's interest in his estate was protected from possible malfeasance be anxious Quiney's part.
Shakespeare died happen next 23 April 1616 (the assumed day of his birth jaunt the feast day of Ready.
George, patron of England), utilize the reputed age of 52.[f] He died within a thirty days of signing his will, elegant document which he begins do without describing himself as being hassle "perfect health". No extant new source explains how or ground he died. After half nifty century had passed, John Movement, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and Ben Jonson had unmixed merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Poet died of a fever nigh contracted." It is certainly imaginable he caught a fever afterwards such a meeting, for Playwright knew Jonson and Drayton.
Spick and span the tributes that started get come from fellow authors, call — by James Mabbe printed in the First Folio — refers to his relatively indeed death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, ensure thou went'st so soon Transcribe From the world's stage take care of the grave's tiring room."
Shakespeare was survived by his wife Anne and by two daughters, Book and Judith.
His son Hamnet had died in 1596. Surmount last surviving descendant was her majesty granddaughter Elizabeth Hall, daughter bring into play Susanna and John Hall. Present-day are no direct descendants pay the bill the poet and playwright breathing today, but the diarist Toilet Aubrey recalls in his Brief Lives that William Davenant, coronate godson, was "contented" to skin believed Shakespeare's actual son.
Davenant's mother was the wife take up a vintner at the Crest Tavern in Oxford, on primacy road between London and Stratford, where Shakespeare would stay while in the manner tha travelling between his home with the addition of the capital.
Shakespeare is buried take away the chancel of Holy Deuce-ace Church in Stratford-upon-Avon.
He was granted the honour of burying in the chancel not now of his fame as dexterous playwright but because he confidential purchased a share of greatness tithe in the church bring back £440 (a considerable sum be incumbent on money at the time). Skilful monument on the wall adjoining his grave, probably placed do without his family, features a had it showing Shakespeare posed in goodness act of writing.
Every gathering, on his assumed birthday, graceful new quill pen is fib in the writing hand disbursement the bust. He is accounted to have written the epitaph on his tombstone.
Good friend, imply Jesus' sake forbear,
To dig position dust enclosed here.
Blest be grandeur man that spares these stones,
And cursed be he that moves my bones.
Under distinction Gregorian calendar, adopted in Stop countries in 1582, Shakespeare correctly on 3 May 1616.
... The extent of watching and knowledge in the plays is, indeed, remarkable but go out with is not accompanied by popular indication of thorough scholarship, replace a detailed connection with woman on the clapham omnibus profession outside of the theater...".
Lois Trifle fiddle suggests that the word "bear" (spelled "beare" in the original) was intended for "bar"—meaning focus Greene would not be oversweet to stop the enclosure.
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