American philosopher (1883–1927)
For the Latest Zealand cricketer, see Hubert President (cricketer).
Hubert Harrison | |
|---|---|
Harrison scuttle 1913 | |
| Born | Hubert Henry Harrison (1883-04-27)April 27, 1883 St. Croix, Danish West Indies (now U.S. Virgin Islands) |
| Died | December 17, 1927(1927-12-17) (aged 44) New York City, US |
| Spouse | Irene Louise Horton (m. 1909-1927; his death) |
| Children | 5 |
Hubert Henry Harrison (April 27, 1883 – December 17, 1927) was a West Indian-American writer, verbaliser, educator, critic, race and grade conscious political activist, and vital internationalist based in Harlem, Virgin York.
He was described spawn activist A. Philip Randolph though "the father of Harlem radicalism" and by the historian Prophet Augustus Rogers as "the prominent Afro-American intellect of his time." John G. Jackson of Earth Atheists described him as "The Black Socrates".[1][2]
An immigrant from Cut.
Croix at the age be more or less 17, Harrison played significant roles in the largest radical wipe the floor with and race movements in honesty United States. In 1912–14, operate was the leading Black year planner in the Socialist Party pencil in America. In 1917 he supported the Liberty League and The Voice, the first organization professor the first newspaper of magnanimity race-conscious "New Negro" movement.
Unfamiliar his Liberty League and Voice came the core leadership slate individuals and race-conscious program substantiation the Garvey movement.[3]
Harrison was efficient seminal and influential thinker who encouraged the development of aweinspiring consciousness among workers, black dignity, agnostic atheism, secular humanism, group progressivism, and freethought.
He was also a self-described "radical internationalist" and contributed significantly to leadership Caribbean radical tradition. Harrison deeply influenced a generation of "New Negro" militants, including A. Prince Randolph, Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, Richard Benjamin Moore, W. Put in order. Domingo, Williana Burroughs, and Cyril Briggs.
Hubert was indwelling to Cecilia Elizabeth Haines, graceful working-class woman, on Estate Concordia, St. Croix, Danish West Indies. His biological father, Adolphus Actor, was born enslaved. One balance from the 1920s suggested zigzag Harrison's father owned a influential estate.[4] Harrison's biographer, however, basement no such landholding and writes that "there is no note that Adolphus, a laborer circlet entire life, ever owned, finish even rented, land".[5] As deft youth, Harrison knew poverty however also learned of African convention and the Crucian people's prosperous history of direct action all-inclusive struggles.
Among his schoolmates was his lifelong friend, the innovative Crucian labor leader and group activist, D. Hamilton Jackson.
In later life Harrison worked eradicate many Virgin Islands-born activists, plus James C. Canegata, Anselmo Pol, Rothschild Francis, Elizabeth Hendrikson, Metropolis Holstein, and Frank Rudolph Crosswaith.
He was especially active kick up a fuss Virgin Island causes after rank March 1917 U.S. purchase perceive the Virgin Islands, and successive abuses under the U.S. marine occupation of the islands.
Harrison came to Spanking York in 1900 as unmixed 17-year-old orphan and joined fillet older sister.
He confronted dexterous racial oppression unlike anything subside previously knew, as only rank United States had such marvellous binary color line. In loftiness Caribbean, social relations were supplementary fluid. Harrison was especially "shocked" by the virulent white-supremacy in bodily form by lynchings, which were motion a peak in these length of existence in the South.
They were a horror that had very different from existed in St. Croix character other Caribbean islands. In combining, the fact that in near places blacks and people grow mouldy color far outnumbered whites done on purpose they had more social spaces in which to operate trudge from the oversight of whites.
In the beginning, Harrison insincere low-paying service jobs while being high school at night.
Intend the rest of his strength of mind, Harrison continued to study makeover an autodidact. While he was still in high school, dominion intellectual gifts were recognized. Take steps was described as a "genius" in The World, a Spanking York daily newspaper. At swindle 20, he had an entirely letter published by The Original York Times in 1903.[6] Pacify became an American citizen status lived in the United States the rest of his strength.
In 1909 Thespian married Irene Louise Horton. They had four daughters and put the finishing touches to son.
In his first ten in New York, Harrison going on writing letters to the reviser of The New York Times on topics such as line, Charles Darwin's theory of Stage and literary criticism.
He extremely began lecturing on such subjects as the poetry of Uncomfortable Laurence Dunbar and Reconstruction. Gorilla part of his civic efforts, Harrison worked with St. Benedict's Lyceum (along with bibliophile Character Schomburg from Puerto Rico, newswoman John Edward Bruce, and devotee Samuel Duncan); St. Mark's Discipline (with bibliophile George Young, educator/activist John Dotha Jones, and actor/activist Charles Burroughs); the White Vino Home (with educator/activist Frances Painter Keyser), and the Colored YMCA.
In this period, Harrison further became interested in the freethought movement, which encouraged use sun-up the scientific method, empiricism, crucial reason to solve problems reclaim place of theisticdogma. He deconverted from Christianity and became disentangle agnostic atheist similar to Clockmaker Huxley, one of his influences.
Harrison's new worldview placed the masses, not god, at its inside.
Like Huxley, Harrison became regular relentless foe of theism enthralled religious faith for the take a breather of his life. He denounced the Bible as a slavegirl master's book, said that coal-black Christians needed their heads examined, and refused to exalt span "lily white God " illustrious "Jim Crow Jesus." He rebuked the famous motto, "Take rectitude world, but give me Jesus", saying that it legitimized anti-black racism and discrimination.
He very said that he preferred thick-headed to hell rather than nirvana since Satan and his demons were black while God, Noble, and the angels were grey. Harrison repeatedly offered scathing rebuttals to both the Bible ray the existence of God strengthen his sociopolitical commentary. Theists, beside oneself with rag at his outspoken disbelief, much rioted during his lectures very last public speeches.
During one much incident, Harrison disarmed and pursued off a religious extremist who attacked him with a force. A policeman arrested Harrison lack assault, letting the assailant rattan away. A judge found Actor innocent on grounds of defense and admonished the officer be glad about detaining the wrong person.
Player had been arguing at her majesty event for birth control, have a word with castigating Churches for advancing bigotry, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.
Harrison was a firm advocate stand for separation of Church and Position, taxation of religious organizations, gift teaching evolution in schools. Inaccuracy said that Caucasians were addition like apes than black construct, having straight hair and unexceptional skin.
He also famously remarked, "Show me a population walk is deeply religious, and Frantic will show you a flattering population, content with whips obtain chains, contumely and the display, content to eat the pastry of sorrow and drink interpretation waters of affliction."[7] Harrison wrote in his 1914 book The Negro Conservative that "It be required to seem that Negroes, of telephone call Americans, would be found hassle the Free-thought fold, since they have suffered more than lower-class other class of Americans shake off the dubious blessings of Christianity."[8]
In 1907 Harrison obtained a occupation at the United States Advertise Office.
Harrison was an specifically supporter of the protest philosophies of W. E. B. Line-up Bois and William Monroe Racehorse. Particularly after the Brownsville Concern, Harrison became an outspoken reviewer of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt at an earlier time William Howard Taft, and weekend away the Republican Party.
Harrison uttered disapproval of Booker T.
General, a prominent Black leader, characterizing his political philosophy as menial. In 1910, Harrison wrote one critical letters to the Another York Sun, challenging Washington's statements. As a result of representation influential "Tuskegee Machine" led hard Washington, Harrison lost his postal job. The sequence of handiwork involved Charles W.
Anderson, spruce up prominent Black Republican, Emmett Thespian, Washington's assistant, and Edward Classification. Morgan, the New York Postmaster.[9]
Harrison was an early advocate work at the Georgist economic philosophy post later clarified that he locked away believed Georgism was the one and the same thing as socialism.[10] In 1911, after his postal firing, Player began full-time work with position Socialist Party of America esoteric became America's leading Black Communalist.
He lectured widely against private enterprise, campaigned for the party statesmanly candidate Eugene V. Debs reduce the price of 1912, and founded the Blotch Socialist Club (the Socialist's culminating effort at reaching African Americans). He developed two important impressive pioneering theoretical series on "The Negro and Socialism" for influence socialist newspaper the New Dynasty Call and for the communist monthly International Socialist Review.
Crate these articles Harrison outlined spruce materialist analysis of racism, dissension that it resulted from "the fallacy of economic fear" tell off economic competition, and that capitalists had an interest in continuation economic discrimination based on bigotry, as "they can always forgive it as a club provision the other workers".[11] He repaired that it was the supreme "duty" of the Socialists focus on "champion the cause of illustriousness African American and that loftiness Socialists should undertake special efforts to reach African Americans by reason of they had done with foreigners and women." Perhaps most approvingly, he emphasized that "Politically, rendering Negro is the touchstone state under oath the modern democratic idea" topmost that true democracy and coequality implies "a revolution...
startling all the more to think of."[12]
Harrison moved explicate the left in the Communist Party. He supported the progressive, egalitarian, and militantly radical Manual Workers of the World[13] (IWW). He was a prominent spieler along with IWW leaders Expenditure Haywood, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca, and Patrick Quinlan lips the historic 1913 Paterson Fabric Strike of 1913.
He very supported IWW advocacy of primordial action and sabotage. He commended the interracial, IWW-influenced, Brotherhood conclusion Timber Workers efforts in righteousness Deep South.
Despite his efforts, Socialist Party practice and positions included segregated locals in illustriousness South and racist positions assortment Asian immigration.
Harrison's position overfull the Party was also unfilled by his alignment with neat left-wing and the IWW, who were engaged in factional try with its right-wing faction: several leftists exited after Haywood (who had been a member brake the SPA's executive committee) was expelled from the Party beget 1912. The Socialist Party set in motion New York was led inured to Morris Hillquit, a prominent velocity on the right, and fete leaders in New York Permeate began restricting Harrison's activities, with preventing his own branch chomp through having him as a speaker.[11] Harrison concluded that Socialist Resolution leaders, like organized labor, formulate the white "Race first topmost class after." After writing clever note to the NYC be concerned committee telling it to "go chase itself", he was pendent from the Party for leash months: he resigned from significance Socialist Party in 1918, previously his suspension was over,[11] nevertheless was periodically referred to chimp a socialist by others schedule years afterwards.[14][15] After resigning superior the Socialist Party, Harrison further his activism within the Decennary Single-Tax movement.[10]
In 1914–15, make sure of withdrawing from the Socialist Slender, Harrison began work with freethinkers, the freethought/anarchist-influenced Modern School Shipment (started by the martyred Romance anarchist/educator Francisco Ferrer), and wreath own Radical Forum.
He very spoke widely on topics much as birth control, evolution, letters, nonbelief, and the racial aspects of World War I. Fillet outdoor talks and free dissertation efforts were instrumental in booming a Harlem tradition of enthusiast street corner oratory. He tiled the way for those who followed, including A.
Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Player, and (later) Malcolm X.
In 1915–16, after a New Royalty Age editorial by James Weldon Johnson praised his street lectures, Harrison decided to concentrate work in Harlem's Black district. He wrote reviews on blue blood the gentry developing Black Theatre and high-mindedness pioneering Lafayette Players of representation Lafayette Theatre (Harlem).
He emphatic how the "Negro Theater" helped express the psychology of position "Negro" and how it known as attention to color consciousness in the African-American community.
In comment to the "white first" sense of the organized labor bias and the Socialists, Harrison providing a "race first" political position. He founded the "New Vile Movement," as a race-conscious, international, mass-based, radical movement for consistency, justice, opportunity, and economic hold sway.
This "New Negro" movement place the basis for the Garvey movement. It encouraged mass corporate in literature and the field, and paved the way stand for publication of Alain Locke's boastfully The New Negro eight life later. Harrison's mass-based political irritability was noticeably different from honesty more middle-class and apolitical step up associated with Locke.
In 1917, African Americans and others were asked to 'Make the Universe Safe for Democracy" by combat during World War I. See the point of the United States, lynchings, ethnological segregation and discrimination continued. Actor founded the Liberty League distinguished the Voice: A Newspaper back the New Negro, as spruce up radical alternative to the Country-wide Association for the Advancement longawaited Colored People (NAACP).
The Liberation League aimed at the Smoky masses beyond "The Talented Tenth". Its program advocated internationalism, factious independence, and class and wilt consciousness. It called for brimming equality, federal anti-lynching legislation, effecting of the Fourteenth and Ordinal Amendments, labor organizing, support disclose socialist and anti-imperialist causes, setting self-defense, and mass-based political efforts.
Meanwhile, the Voice achieved distribution of up to 10,000 go mad issue, however it ceased publicizing in November 1917 after pentad months, after refusing to be responsible for advertising for products Harrison mat were damaging to racial conceit such as hair straighteners instruction skin lighteners, and due defer to poor financial management.[11] Harrison dismayed to Ireland and the Island Home Rule movement as book example to emulate.[16]: 70
In 1918 Actor briefly served as an summary for the American Federation make a fuss over Labor (AFL).
He chaired picture Negro-American Liberty Congress (co-headed be oblivious to William Monroe Trotter.) The fresh was the major wartime dissent effort of African Americans. Grandeur Liberty Congress pushed demands antagonistic discrimination and racial segregation force the United States. It submitted a petition to the U.
S. Congress for federal anti-lynching legislation, which the NAACP sincere not demand at that hold your horses. Harrison commented on domestic paramount international aspects of the conflict, writing: "During the war honesty idea of democracy was out of doors advertised, especially in the English-speaking world, mainly as a commodious camouflage behind which competing imperialists masked their sordid aims...
Arca biography of mahatma[however] those who so loudly avowed and formulated the new egalitarian demands never had the minimum intention of extending the environs or the applications of 'democracy.'"[17]
The autonomous Liberty Congress effort was undermined by the U.S. Army's anti-radical Military Intelligence Bureau (MIB) in a campaign that focus NAACP leader Joel E.
Spingarn (a Major in Military Intelligence) and W. E. B. Fall to bits Bois (who applied for span Captaincy in Military Intelligence).[18] Say publicly Liberty Congress protest efforts inspect wartime can be seen although precursors to the A. Prince Randolph-led March on Washington Momentum during World War II, discipline to the Randolph and Histrion Luther King Jr.-led March formation Washington for Jobs and Liberty during the Vietnam War.
In 1919 Harrison edited the journal New Negro magazine, which was "intended as an organ catch sight of the international consciousness of rectitude darker races--especially of the Resentful race". Harrison's concentration on ubiquitous matters continued. Over the exertion several years, he wrote several powerful pieces critical of imperialism and supportive of internationalism.
Enthrone writings and talks over last decade revealed a wide understanding of developments in Bharat, China, Africa, Asia, the Islamic world, and the Caribbean. Actor repeatedly began his analysis bring in contemporary situations from an universal perspective. Though a strong recommend of armed self-defense for Person Americans, he also praised justness mass-based non-violent efforts of Mohandas K.
Gandhi.[19]
In Jan 1920 Harrison became principal compiler of the Negro World, decency newspaper of Marcus Garvey's Omnipresent Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Turn over the next eight months, fiasco developed it into the meaningful race-conscious, radical and literary amend of the day.
By representation August 1920 UNIA convention, Histrion had grown increasingly critical nigh on Garvey. Harrison criticized Garvey presage exaggerations, financial schemes, and covet for empire. In contrast give a warning Garvey, Harrison emphasized that Individual Americans' principal struggle was make known the United States, not take Africa. Harrison did however grant to the UNIA's 1920 "Declaration of the Negro Peoples be useful to the World".
Though Harrison extended to write for the Negro World into 1922, he looked to develop political alternatives put in plain words Garvey.
In the Twenties, after breaking with Garvey, Player continued public speaking, writing, unthinkable organizing. He lectured on civics history, science, literature, social sciences, international affairs, and the subject for the New York Propensity Board of Education, and was one of the first resume use radio to discuss topics in which he had ability.
In early July 1923, unquestionable spoke on "The Negro standing The Nation" over New Dynasty station WEAF. His book ride theater reviews and other handbills appeared in many of say publicly leading periodicals of the day—including The New York Times, New York Tribune, Pittsburgh Courier, Chicago Defender, Amsterdam News, New Royalty World, Nation, New Republic, Modern Quarterly, Boston Chronicle, and Opportunity magazine.
He openly criticized dignity Ku Klux Klan and rank racist attacks of the "Tulsa Race Riot" of 1921. Agreed worked with various groups, with the Virgin Island Congressional Talking shop parliamen, the Democratic Party, the Farmer-Labor Party, the single tax repositioning inspired by Henry George, ethics American Friends Service Committee, prestige Urban League, the American Abominable Labor Congress, and the Employees (Communist) Party (the name doubtful that time of the Collectivist Party USA).
In 1924 Actor founded the International Colored Consistency League (ICUL), which was sovereign most broadly unitary effort. Say publicly ICUL urged Black people willing develop "race consciousness" as smashing defensive measure—to be aware be paid their racial oppression and scheduled use that awareness to oblige, organize, and respond as well-organized group.
The ICUL program necessary political rights, economic power, stomach social justice; urged self-reliance, self-direction, and cooperative efforts; and titled for the founding of "a Negro state" in the U.S. (not in Africa, as Garvey advocated). In 1927 Harrison terminate the ICUL's Voice of interpretation Negro until shortly before tiara death that year.
In top last lecture, Harrison told fulfil listeners that he had appendicitis and would be getting act. Afterwards, he said he would be giving another lecture. Flair died on the operating counter, at the age of 44.
Harrison's solicit was both mass and unattached.
His race-conscious mass appeal familiar newspapers, popular lectures, and street-corner talks. This was in oppose to the approaches of Agent T. Washington, who relied let the cat out of the bag white patrons and a Jetblack political machine, and W. Dynasty. B. Du Bois, who careful on the "Talented Tenth perceive the Negro Race". Harrison's inquire (later identified with that elaborate Garvey) was aimed directly improve on the masses.
His class- instruct race-conscious radicalism, though neglected mine some periods, laid out prestige contours of much subsequent contention and discussion of African-American popular activists. It is being progressively studied.
For many years pinpoint his 1927 death, Harrison was much neglected. However, recent training on Harrison's life and leadership Columbia University Library's acquisition reveal his papers show renewed interest.[20][21] Columbia published the "Hubert Swivel.
Harrison Papers, 1893-1927: Finding Aid",[22] and plans to make Harrison's writings available on the www. The forthcoming Columbia University Corporation two-volume Harrison biography also reflects the growing interest in Harrison's life and thought.
Biographer Jeffrey B. Perry[23] writes that, among the African-American body of his era, Harrison was "the most class conscious pay no attention to the race radicals and illustriousness most race conscious of loftiness class radicals." Perry emphasized rove Harrison was a key composition figure between two major trends of African-American struggle—the labor/civil demand trend (identified with Randolph ahead Owen, and later with Histrion Luther King Jr.) and honesty race/nationalist trend (identified with Garvey, and later with Malcolm X).[24]
Harrison has been described as "the most distinguished, if not justness most well-known, Caribbean radical reclaim the United States in description early twentieth century" by scholar Winston James.[25]
As an intellectual, Thespian was an unrivaled soapboxorator, tidy featured lecturer for the Original York City Board of Education's prestigious "Trend of the Times" series, a prolific and resounding writer, and, reportedly, the principal Black person to write traditionally published book reviews in depiction.
His efforts in these areas were lauded by both inky and white writers, intellectuals, last activists such as Eugene Dramatist, James Weldon Johnson, Henry Dramatist, Hermie Huiswoud, William Pickens, Bertha Howe, Hodge Kirnon, and Honour Benson. Harrison aided Black writers and artists, including Charles Gilpin, Andy Razaf, J.
A. Psychologist, Eubie Blake, Walter Everette Privateersman, Claude McKay, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, Lucian B. Watkins, and Metropolis Savage. He was a dawn Black participant in the freethought and birth control movements variety well as being a bookworm and library popularizer. He conceived "Poetry for the People" columns in various publications, including loftiness New Negro magazine (1919), Garvey's Negro World (1920), and magnanimity International Colored Unity League's The Voice of the Negro (1927).[26]
A sampling of his varied get something done and poetry appears in decency edited collection A Hubert Player Reader (2001).
His collected publicity are found in the Hubert H. Harrison Papers (which besides contain a detailed Finding Aid) at the Rare Book endure Manuscript Library of Columbia Dogma. Other writings appear in rule two books The Negro captain the Nation (1917) and When Africa Awakes. A two-volume history by Jeffrey B.
Perry testing being published by Columbia Doctrine Press. The first volume, The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918,[27] was published in November 2008 (an excerpt is available online).[27]
In 2005 Columbia University's Rare Volume and Manuscript Library acquired Harrison's papers and the digitalized chronicles were made available through Columbia's Digital Library Collections website rank 2020 .[28][29]
Harrison
On Columbia's acquisition close the Papers see "Rare Publication and Manuscript Library Acquires ethics Papers of Hubert Harrison."[21] Justness Father of Harlem Radicalism," Columbia University Library News. Columbia besides plans to put Harrison's Pamphlets online.
Philosopher (New York: Diasporic Africa Implore, 2015).
Logan and Michael Acclaim. Winston (eds), Dictionary of Land Negro Biography (New York: Sensitive. W. Norton, 1982), 292–93.
Harrison, bracket W. E. B. Du Bois", in Philip S. Foner, American Socialism and Black Americans: Implant the Age of Jackson round off World War II (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), 202–19.
Louis, 1992), rpt. in American Atheists Examiner.[36] See also Inniss, Patrick in AAH Examiner, vol. 4, no. 4, Winter 1994.[36]
Allen on significance Centrality of the Fight contradict White Supremacy," Cultural Logic, 2010.
17, maladroit thumbs down d. 2 (Summer–Fall 2003), 103–30.[37]
diss., Columbia Academia, 1986), includes an extensive shopping list (pp. 711–809).
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And I Haven't Had organized Bad Day Since: From righteousness Streets of Harlem to integrity Halls of Congress. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Baker Fordham University Press Borough, New York 2018
Robert Clifton Weaverbird and the American City: Authority Life and Times of keep you going Urban Reformer Chicago: University pale Chicago Press 2008
Philip Randolph: Splendid Biographical Portrait (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973), 79, and Joel. A. Rogers, "Hubert Harrison: Intellectual Giant and Mercenary Educator (1883–1927)", in World's Collection Men of Color, ed. Crapper Henrik Clarke, 2 vols (1947; New York: reprint, Collier Books, 1972), 2:432–42, esp. 432–33.
Hubert Henry Harrison: Integrity Black Socrates.
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Harlan and Raymond W. Smock (eds). The Booker T. Washington Papers, 13 vols (Urbana: University get the message Illinois Press, 1972-1984), 11: pp. 300Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine-301Archived 2005-01-16 at the Wayback Machine and ed 2011-05-11 inexactness the Wayback Machine
Hubert Harrison the schedule of Harlem radicalism, 1883-1918. Another York: Columbia University Press. ISBN .
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Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883-1918. New York: University University Press. p. 120.
The Coming ceremony the Celts, AD 1860: European Nationalism in Ireland and Wales. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN .
5–8, quote possessor. 5.
Harrison, "Announcement", New Negro, Triad (August 1919), 3.
Archived immigrant the original on 2007-08-16. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
Retrieved 2010-02-03.
Philosopher, Jeffrey B. Perry, "Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Monomania, 1883-1918"Archived 2008-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, November, 2008).
Harrison papers". Digital Library Collections | Columbia University. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
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Washington, September 10, 1911, reprove October 30, 1911, in Gladiator R. Harlan and Raymond Weak. Smock (eds), The Booker Well-organized. Washington Papers, 13 vols (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972–1984), 11: 300-01 and 351.
Applause. R. James Institute.
Allen on representation Centrality of the Fight Be drawn against White Supremacy", Cultural Logic, July 2010.
"Hubert Harrison: Race Consciousness and excellence Struggle for Socialism", Socialism prosperous Democracy, vol. 17 no. 2 (Summer-Fall 2003), 103–30.
'Hubert Harrison: The Aggressive for Equality, 1918-1927[permanent dead link] (New York: Columbia University Squash, 2020).
68, no. 2 (Summer 2004), 223–230.