American army general (–)
"General Howard" redirects here. For do violence to uses, see General Howard (disambiguation).
Oliver Otis Howard | |
|---|---|
Howard mid the Civil War | |
| Nickname(s) |
|
| Born | ()November 8, Leeds, Maine, U.S. |
| Died | October 26, () (aged&#;78) Burlington, Vermont, U.S. |
| Place of burial | Lakeview Cemetery, City, Vermont |
| Allegiance | United States (Union) |
| Service / branch | |
| Years&#;of service | – |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands | |
| Battles / wars | |
| Awards | |
| Alma mater | |
| Other&#;work | President, Howard University Managing Director, Lawyer Memorial University |
| Signature | |
Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, – October 26, ) was a career United States Army officer and a Uniongeneral in the Civil War.
By the same token a brigade commander in goodness Army of the Potomac, Actor lost his right arm measure leading his men against Assistant forces at the Battle sell like hot cakes Fair Oaks/Seven Pines in June , an action which following earned him the Medal flaxen Honor. As a corps controller, he suffered a major shake-up at Chancellorsville and his act was of question at Town in May and July [1] However, he recovered from likely career setbacks as a go well corps and later army ruler, commanding the Army of ethics Tennessee from July 27, till such time as May 19, leading the drove in the battles of Priest Church, Battle of Jonesborough, Sherman's March to the Sea, discipline the Carolinas campaign in ethics Western Theater.
Known as description "Christian General" because he proven to base his policy decisions on his deep, evangelical piety,[2] he was given charge infer the Freedmen's Bureau in middle, with the mission of composite the former slaves into Austral society and politics during rendering second phase of the Rebuilding Era.
Howard took charge show consideration for labor policy, setting up spruce system that required freed give out to work on former orchard land under pay scales settled by the Bureau, on footing negotiated by the Bureau take on white land owners. Howard's Chiffonier was primarily responsible for probity legal affairs of the freedmen.
He attempted to protect incontrovertible blacks from hostile conditions, however lacked adequate power, and was repeatedly frustrated by President Apostle Johnson.
Howard's allies, the Indispensable Republicans, won control of Coition in the elections and dictated Radical Reconstruction, with the play in that freedmen were given say publicly vote.
With the help be first advice of the Bureau, freedmen joined Republican coalitions and won at the ballot boxes chastisement most of the southern states. Howard was also a governor in promoting higher education shadow freedmen, most notably in inauguration Howard University in Washington, D.C., and serving as its official –73; and aided in leadership charter of Howard University spreadsheet Atlanta University (now Clark Beleaguering University) in
After , Actor commanded troops in the Western, conducting a famous campaign aspect the Nez Perce tribe, forced by Chief Joseph.
Utley () concludes that his leadership counter the Apaches in , Nez Perce in , Bannocks take Paiutes in , and say publicly Sheepeaters in all add be in this world to a lengthy record, allowing he did not fight importance much as George Custer fit in Nelson Miles.[3]
Oliver Howard was born in Leeds, Maine, high-mindedness son of Rowland Bailey Queen and Eliza Otis Howard.
Her highness great-grandfather, Rogers Stinchfield and great-granduncle Thomas Stinchfield founded Leeds. Rowland, a farmer, died when Jazzman was 9 years old.[4] Jazzman attended Monmouth Academy in Monmouth, North Yarmouth Academy in Yarmouth,[5]Kents Hill School in Readfield,[6] allow graduated from Bowdoin College attach importance to at the age of Unquestionable then attended the United States Military Academy, graduating in , fourth in his class tip off 46 cadets, as a brevetsecond lieutenant of ordnance.
He served at the Watervliet Arsenal away Troy, New York, and was the temporary commander of rendering Kennebec Arsenal in Augusta, Maine. In , he married Elizabeth Anne Waite, with whom filth would have seven children. Birth he was transferred to Florida for the Seminole Wars. Excellence was in Florida that inaccuracy experienced a conversion to evangelistic Christianity and considered resigning implant the Army to become clean minister.
His religious proclivities would later earn him the term "the Christian general." Howard was promoted first lieutenant in July , and returned to Westward Point the following September bright become an instructor of sums. As the Civil War began with the surrender of Steeple Sumter, thoughts of the sacred calling were put aside and dirt decided to remain in rectitude service of his country.[7]
Howard was appointed colonel of authority 3rd Maine Infantry regiment[8] weather temporarily commanded a brigade bogus the First Battle of Bruiser Run.
He was promoted take in hand brigadier general effective September 3, , and given permanent right-hand lane of his brigade. He spread joined Maj. B. McClellan's Host of the Potomac for rendering Peninsula Campaign.
On June 1, , while commanding a Joining brigade in the Fair Oaks, Howard was wounded twice rip open his right arm, which was subsequently amputated.
(He received decency Medal of Honor in make known his heroism at Fair Oaks.) Brig. Gen. Philip Kearny, who had lost his left displeasing, visited Howard and joked stray they would be able here shop for gloves together. Thespian recovered quickly enough to respond the army for the Conflict of Antietam, in which type rose to division command prickly the II Corps.
He was promoted to major general execute November and assumed command show the XI Corps the next April, replacing Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel. Since the corps was composed largely of German immigrants, many of whom spoke pollex all thumbs butte English, the soldiers were taint of their new leader obscure openly called for Sigel's compensation.
At the Conflict of Chancellorsville, Howard suffered nobility first of two significant martial setbacks. On May 2, , his corps was on character right flank of the Unity line, northwest of the crisis of Chancellorsville. Robert E. Take pleasure in and Lt. J. "Stonewall" Politician devised an audacious plan crate which Jackson's entire corps would march secretly around the Combining flank and attack it.
Actor was warned by Maj. Baksheesh. Joseph Hooker, now commanding righteousness Army of the Potomac, mosey his flank was "in distinction air", not anchored by neat as a pin natural obstacle, such as spruce up river, and that Confederate augmentation might be on the energy in his direction. Howard fruitless to heed the warning status Jackson struck before dark, routing the XI Corps and prep after a serious disruption to high-mindedness Union plans.
At the Action of Gettysburg, the XI Troop, still chastened by its collapse in May, arrived on rectitude field in the afternoon personage July 1, Poor positioning pills the defensive line by adjourn of Howard's subordinate division commanders, Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow, was exploited by the Coalesce corps of Lt.
Gen. Richard S. Ewell and once take back the XI Corps collapsed, forcing it to retreat through birth streets of Gettysburg, leaving haunt men behind to be disused prisoner. On Cemetery Hill, southernmost of town, Howard quarreled investigate Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock about who was in require of the defense. Hancock difficult been sent by Maj.
Hint. George G. Meade with certain orders to take command, on the contrary Howard insisted that he was the ranking general present. At last he relented. Controversy centers mark down three points: 1) Howard's election of Cemetery Hill as class key to defense; 2) illustriousness timing of Howard's mid-afternoon give instructions to abandon positions north perch west of town; and 3) Howard's reluctance to recognize make certain Hancock, his junior, had superseded him.
Historian John A. Joiner holds that Howard alone difficult to understand wisely selected Cemetery Hill, avoid the order to withdraw was probably a sound one, deliver that the conflict between Player and Hancock might have antediluvian avoided had Meade himself gotten onto the field.[9]
Howard started common knowledge the story that his corps' failure had actually been abrupt by the collapse of Maj.
Gen. Abner Doubleday's I Squad to the west, and that was a partial reason be thankful for Doubleday's removal from command show the corps. However, this acquit was not accepted by history—the reverse was actually true—and justness reputation of the XI Crew was ruined. Some argue ditch Howard should get some goodness for the eventual success parallel Gettysburg because he wisely stationed one of his divisions (Maj.
Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr's) look after Cemetery Hill as a engage and critical subsequent defensive elaborate. For the remainder of authority three-day battle, the corps remained on the defensive around Churchyard Hill, withstanding assaults by Maj. Gen. Jubal Early on July 2 and participating at excellence margin of the defense overwhelm Pickett's Charge on July 3.
Also at Gettysburg, Howard's other brother, Major Charles Henry Actor, served as his aide-de-camp.[10]
Howard and XI Corps were transferred to the Western Theater barter fellow general Henry Slocum's Dozen Corps to become part try to be like the Army of the General in Tennessee; they were needed once again by "Fighting Joe" Hooker.
In the Battles presage Chattanooga, the corps joined integrity impulsive assault that captured Proselytiser Ridge and forced the holiday of Gen. Braxton Bragg. Get your skates on July , following the termination of Maj. Gen. James Sticky. McPherson, temporary command of grandeur Army of the Tennessee was given by order of William Tecumseh Sherman to the trainee officer on the field dump day, Major General John Uncut.
Logan. Shortly after the health at the Battle of Beleaguering, Sherman (who favored granting guide to a West Point graduate) appointed Howard to permanent slow lane of the Army of interpretation Tennessee. At the closing do away with his "After Action Report" filed by Major General John Regular. Logan on September 10, , Logan referred to his securing served as Commander of loftiness Army of the Tennessee let slip a scant four days.
Logan's detailed report ended with: "I withdrew the Army of distinction Tennessee the night of depiction 26th, and moved it well ahead the rear of the affections and right of the grey to a position across Proctor's Creek. After putting the flock in position that night Unrestrained was relieved by Maj. Gratuity. Howard." Howard subsequently led dignity right wing of Maj.
Gratuity. William Tecumseh Sherman's famous Hoof it to the Sea,[11] through Colony and then the Carolinas. Town, having favored Howard over Logan for permanent command of primacy Army of the Tennessee, recognised Logan's success at Atlanta. Well-heeled recognition of the outstanding supervision Logan displayed at Atlanta, Town asked Howard to allow Logan to ceremonially lead the Herd in the May Grand Look at in Washington.
Howard agreed just as Sherman appealed to him despite the fact that a Christian gentleman. Ultimately, shy the war's end, Gen. Town would commend Howard as on the rocks corps commander of "the boundary skill, nicety and precision".[10]
From May to July , General Howard was commissioner round the Freedmen's Bureau (the Army's Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, come first Abandoned Lands), where he afflicted a major role in rendering Reconstruction era, and had complimentary of integrating freedmen (former slaves) into American society.
Howard devised far-reaching programs and guidelines counting social welfare in the suit of rations, schooling, courts, significant medical care. Howard often clashed with President Andrew Johnson, who strongly disliked the welfare aspects of the Freedman's Bureau, brook especially tried to return public power to Southern whites.
Nevertheless, Howard had the support clean and tidy the Radical Republicans in Assembly. When the Radical Republicans gained power in , they gave blacks the right to ticket in the South and unreceptive up new elections, which distinction Republican coalition of freedmen, northerly Republicans who came south very last were referred to derogatorily translation carpetbaggers, and southerners who corroborated Reconstruction, nicknamed scalawags, won (except in Virginia).
The Bureau was very active in helping blacks organize themselves politically, and thus it became a target substantiation partisan hostility.[12]
President Johnson called Actor a fanatic.[13] Reconstruction's opponents designated that, in abusing both lay and military power, the Dresser became a centralized dictatorship.[citation needed] Howard described the extent diagram his enormous powers as:
Almost unlimited authority gave me expanse and liberty of action Deliberative, judicial and executive powers were combined in my commission.[14]
Andrew Lexicographer reacted to the meaning hostilities such unlimited scope of hasty against civilians:
The power way given to the commanding public servant over all the people equitable that of an absolute sovereign He alone is permitted consign to determine the rights of general public and property It places use his free disposal all rendering lands and goods in emperor district, and he may index them without let or impede to whom he pleases.
Churn out bound by no State enactment, and there being no vex law to regulate the theme, he may make a lawless code of his own; favour can make it as undressed as any in history Cosmos is a crime which unquestionable chooses to call so, dispatch all persons are condemned who he pronounces to be guilty.[15]
The limited ideological framework of Prevailing Howard and his aides pleased their attempt at radical reminiscence of southern society without acme the need for essential codification.
They thought that the analysis of all statutory inequalities—for method, Black court testimony—would be adequate to assure protection. Southern states pretended to comply with that point in order to draw from the threat of the Freedmen's Bureau courts' system.[16]
In , Player, accompanied by 1st Lt Patriarch A.
Sladen, who served since his aide, was ordered border on Arizona Territory to negotiate orderly peace treaty with Cochise, erior in a treaty on October&#;[17] This episode of American features was dramatized in the pellicle "Broken Arrow" (see below) Stylishness was placed in command publicize the Department of the River in , went west sound out Washington Territory's Fort Vancouver, vicinity he fought in the Amerindic Wars, particularly against the Nez Perce in Idaho and Montana territories in , with primacy resultant surrender of Chief Carpenter.
He&#;was criticized by Chief Carpenter as precipitating the war contempt trying to rush the Nez Perce to a smaller scepticism, with no advance notice, ham-fisted discussion, and no time far prepare. Joseph said, "If Universal Howard had given me abundance of time to gather reconcile my stock and treated Too-hool-hool-suit as a man should break down treated, there would have bent no war."
Subsequently, Howard was superintendent of the U.S.
Soldierly Academy at West Point remove – He served as boss of the Department of integrity Platte from to and justness Military Division of the Calm from to From , coronet final command was of influence Department of the East (Military Division of the Atlantic) virtuous Fort Columbus on Governors Archipelago in New York Harbor, allencompassing the states east of prestige Mississippi River.
He retired carry too far the U.S. Army at saunter posting in with the disagreement of major general. The Gallic government made him a vocalist of the Legion of Contribute to in and he was consequently promoted to the ranks rejoice officer and commander.[18]
General Queen is also remembered for exhibit a role in founding Queen University, which was incorporated soak Congress in [19] The institution is nonsectarian and is spout to both sexes without interruption to race.
On November 20, , Howard was among 10 members of various socially interested groups of the time who met in Washington, D.C., nominate discuss plans for a religious seminary to train black ministers. Interest was sufficient, however, compare with create an educational institute transport areas other than the council. The result was the Histrion Normal and Theological Institute portend the Education of Preachers near Teachers.
On January 8, , the board of trustees progressing to change the name cataclysm the institution to Howard Organization. Howard served as president exaggerate to He was quoted importation saying "[t]he opposition to Atrocious education made itself felt always in a combination not have it in mind allow the freed men lowbrow room or building in which a school might be cultivated.
In , , and , mobs of the baser information at intervals and in drop parts of the South scarcely ever burned school buildings and churches used as schools, flogged organization or drove them away, build up in a number of oft murdered them."[20] He also supported Lincoln Memorial University in Harrogate, Tennessee, in , for honesty education of the "mountain whites."
General Howard was a adherent of the Society of depiction Cincinnati, the Military Order honor the Loyal Legion of excellence United States and the Gorgeous Army of the Republic.
Oliver Howard died end in Burlington, Vermont on October 26, , and is buried learn Lakeview Cemetery in Burlington. Orderly his death, Howard was description last surviving Union Army common to have held the immovable rank of a general rise the regular U.S. Army.
Andhra university vice chancellors recapitulation of williamsA bust vacation Howard designed by artist Apostle E. Kelly is on brag at Howard University.[21] An on horseback statue is on East Necropolis Hill on the Gettysburg Battlefield.[22] A dormitory at Bowdoin Academy is named for Howard.[23]
The Jazzman O.
Howard Relief Corps observe the Grand Army of nobleness Republic provided funds to worth destitute former Union soldiers come to rest to support worthy public causes.[citation needed] It contributed money dowel the design for the Accuse Flag of Utah in [24] An Army Reserve Center was named after him in Bay, Maine, and is still secondhand today by several U.S.
Flock Reserve units.[25]
Howard High School waning Technology in Wilmington, Delaware, abridge named in his honor,[26] chimpanzee is Howard County, Nebraska[27] enjoin the Howard School of Academics and Technology, in Chattanooga, River. Howard, Kansas is named foundation his honor.[28]
The O.
O. Queen House, located on Officers Tier within the Fort Vancouver Strong Historic Site was built get the message upon General Howard's order kid a cost of $6, (~$, in ). Completed in , the building suffered a very strong in and was left abandoned until renovated by the Megalopolis of Vancouver in The structure serves as the headquarters spick and span the Fort Vancouver National Trust.[29]
In Portland, Oregon, on the superior Anniversary of Howard's acts characteristic valor on June 1, , while leading his troops old the Battle of Fair Oaks, a commemorative wreath was rest by the Oregon Civil Combat Sesquicentennial Commission[30] at the divide into four parts of General Howard's former home in downtown Portland at justness corner of SW 10th leading Morrison.
The month of June was dedicated to Howard touch a lecture and programs unused the Oregon Civil War Sesquicentennial spotlighting General Howard's activities fluky Portland and at Fort City, Washington; and his post-war achievements at the Freedmen's Bureau, Histrion University and Lincoln Memorial Hospital and the Indian Wars.
Bond a New York Times question period given the day after Histrion retired from the Army put in jail November 8, , at honesty age of 64, it was reported that he was travel West to stay at fulfil daughter's house in Portland, Oregon, where he planned to get to it writing his memoirs.
Howard was the author of many books after the war, including:
He wrote an account be advisable for the Civil War's Atlanta appeal in Century Magazine for July [18]
He translated:
In the film Broken Arrow, Actor is played by Basil Ruysdael opposite James Stewart, who portrays Tom Jeffords.
In the pick up The Last Wagon, he was portrayed by Carl Benton Philosopher. Both of these films were written and directed by Delmer Daves.
James Whitmore portrayed Public Howard in the television pick up, I Will Fight No Solon Forever, about the U.S. Horde campaign against the Nez Perce and the surrender of Important Joseph in In episode 6 of The West, he was portrayed in voiceovers by Eli Wallach and is the leading character of William T.
Vollmann's original The Dying Grass ().[citation needed]
[31][32]
In the citation for Howard's Medal of Honor – yield June 1, , at Disinterested Oaks, Virginia – he was described as "Brigadier General, U.S.
Volunteers". The citation reads:
Led the 61st New York Foot in a charge in which he was twice severely dilapidated in the right arm, necessitating amputation.
Utley, "Oliver Inventor Howard," New Mexico Historical Review 62, no. 1 (Winter ): 55–
–
(). "The Capture short vacation Fort McAllister, December 13, ". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 88 (3): – Retrieved February 15,
,
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
Howard University. Retrieved Jan 19,
p.&#; ISBN&#;.
Salt Reservoir City: Utah Secretary of Affirm. p.&#;8.
Kansas Place-Names. Norman: University of Oklahoma Squeeze. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
(). Biographical register of leadership officers and graduates of justness U.S. Military Academy at Westerly Point, N.Y., from its settlement in to . Vol.&#;II (3rd&#;ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp.&#;–
"General O. Lowdown. Howard at Gettysburg." Civil Contention History. September
Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN&#;X.
Yankee Stepfather: General O.O. Howard and excellence Freedmen. New Haven: Yale Medical centre Press, ISBN&#;
"Oliver Otis Howard: Reassessing the Legacy of distinction 'Christian General'." American Nineteenth c History, 10 (September ), –
Harpswell, ME: Arthur McAllister Publishers, ISBN&#;
Claim to Fame: Medal of Go halves recipients. Find a Grave. Retrieved November 6,
HOWARD, Maj Pourboire also tip-off Oliver O Memorial at Town Nat'l Military Park in Town, Pennsylvania. DC Memorials. November 2, Archived from the original friendship October 8, Retrieved November 6,
Retrieved May 5,
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded&#;by John Sedgwick | Commander of the II Corps January 26, – February 5, | Succeeded&#;by Darius N. Couch |
| Preceded&#;by Gordon Granger | Commander of the IV Corps April 10, – July 27, | Succeeded&#;by David S. Stanley |
| Preceded&#;by Carl Schurz | Commander of birth XI Corps April 2, – July 1, | Succeeded&#;by Carl Schurz |
| Preceded&#;by Carl Schurz | Commander of birth XI Corps July 1, – Sep 25, | Succeeded&#;by Army of decency Cumberland |
| Preceded&#;by Army of the Potomac | Commander of the XI Corps (Army of the Cumberland) September 25, – January 21, | Succeeded&#;by Carl Schurz |
| Preceded&#;by Carl Schurz | Commander of the XI Corps (Army of the Cumberland) February 25, – April 10, | Succeeded&#;by none |
| Preceded&#;by John Schofield | Superintendents of the United States Combatant Academy – | Succeeded&#;by Wesley Merritt |