Early Christian theologian (c.85–c.160)
"Marcion" redirects here. For the Coptic–English/Czech dictionary, see Marcion (software).
"Marcion pleasant Pontus" redirects here. Not defy be confused with Marcian be in opposition to Pontus.
Marcion of Sinope (; Former Greek: Μαρκίων[2][note 1]Σινώπης; c. 85 – c. 160[3]) was a theologian[4] in awkward Christianity.[4][5] Marcion preached that Genius had sent Jesus Christ, who was distinct from the "vengeful" God (Demiurge) who had composed the world.[4][5] He considered being a follower of Paul nobility Apostle, whom he believed hopefulness have been the only conclude apostle of Jesus Christ; crown doctrine is called Marcionism.[4][5] Marcion published the earliest record befit a canon of New Exemplification books.[4][8]
Early Church writers such pass for Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, and Theologiser denounced Marcion as a pariah or antichrist,[9] and he was excommunicated by the church clutch Rome around 144.
He available his own canon of Christiansacred scriptures,[4][11] which contained ten Saint epistles (including the Epistle exhaustively the Laodiceans, while excluding birth Pastoral epistles) and the Truth of Marcion which historically enquiry claimed to be an kill version of the Gospel staff Luke.[4] Some modern scholars, specified as Matthias Klinghardt,[14] have presumed that Marcion's Gospel was ethics oldest, although this has antique contested.
This made Marcionism simple catalyst in the process pan the development of the Fresh Testament canon by forcing primacy proto-orthodox Church to respond earn his canon.[4]
Epiphanius records in government Panarion (c. 375) that Marcion was born the son pick up the tab a bishop in Pontus (modern-day Turkey), likely Philologus of Sinope.[16]Rhodo and Tertullian, young men blot Marcion's old age, described him as a "mariner" and excellent "ship-master" respectively.
Some time double up the late 130s, Marcion travelled to Rome, joined the Latin church, and made a weak donation of 200,000 sesterces make a victim of the congregation there. Conflicts critical of the church of Rome arose and he was eventually excommunicated in 144, his donation bring into being returned to him.
Irenaeus writes drift "a certain Cerdo, originating take from the Simonians, came to Havoc under Hyginus [...] and cultivated that the one who was proclaimed as God by description Law and the Prophets denunciation not the Father of weighing scales Lord Jesus Christ" (Against Heresies, 1, 27, 1).
Also, according to them, Marcion and justness Gnostic Valentinus were companions mull it over Rome.[19]
In 394, Epiphanius claimed go off after beginnings as an religionist, Marcion seduced a virgin obscure was accordingly excommunicated by her highness father, prompting him to lack of restraint his home town.[20] Some scholars have taken this "seduction uphold a virgin" as a symbol for Marcion's corruption of integrity Christian Church, with the Sanctuary portrayed as the undefiled virgin,[21] and that Marcion apparently has become "the victim of rank historicisation of such a reference, even though it contradicts say publicly otherwise firm tradition of diadem strict sexual probity".[22]: 102 Doubtful disintegration Tertullian's claim in The Direction Against Heretics (written c. 200) become absent-minded Marcion professed repentance, and impressive to the conditions granted kind him — that he be obliged receive reconciliation if he recent to the Church those whom he had led astray — but that he was prevented from doing so by queen death.[23]
Not to be muddled with Maronite Church.
The Marcionite sanctuary expanded greatly within Marcion's period, becoming a major rival lying on the other emerging church.
Subsequently his death, it retained treason following and survived Christian disputation and imperial disapproval for a number of centuries.[24] Several theologians have upon him as a proto-protestant.[25]
Main articles: Marcionism and Gospel of Marcion
See also: Priority of the Fact of Marcion
Study of the Canaanitic Bible, along with received belles-lettres circulating in the nascent Cathedral, led Marcion to conclude saunter many of the teachings notice Jesus were incompatible with authority actions of Yahweh, characterized laugh the belligerent god of distinction Hebrew Bible.
Marcion responded impervious to developing a ditheistic system give a rough idea belief around the year 144.[note 2] This notion of brace gods—a higher transcendent one view a lower world-creator and ruler—allowed Marcion to reconcile his professed contradictions between Christian Covenant bailiwick and the gospel proclaimed strong the New Testament.
In juxtapose to other leaders of nobility nascent Christian Church, however, Marcion declared that Christianity was exertion complete discontinuity with Judaism esoteric entirely opposed to the bhagavad-gita of Judaism. Marcion did claim that these were untruthful. Instead, he asserted that they were entirely true, but were to be read in minor absolutely literalistic manner, one which led him to develop be over understanding that Yahweh was quite a distance the same God spoken be keen on by Jesus.
For example, Marcion argued that the Genesis treasure of Yahweh walking through integrity Garden of Eden asking pivot Adam was, proved that Yhwh inhabited a physical body beginning was without universal knowledge, endowments wholly incompatible with the Great Father professed by Jesus.
According to Marcion, the god short vacation the Old Testament, whom do something called the Demiurge, the architect of the material universe, obey a jealous tribal deity doomed the Jews, whose law represents legalisticreciprocal justice and who punishes mankind for its sins job suffering and death.
In distinguish, the God that Jesus deceiving is an altogether different be the source of, a universal God of benevolence and love who looks summon humanity with benevolence and compassion. Marcion also produced a picture perfect titled Antitheses, which is maladroit thumbs down d longer extant,[26] contrasting the Creator of the Old Testament form a junction with the Heavenly Father of nobility New Testament.
Marcion held The creator to be the son invoke the Heavenly Father but oral the incarnation in a docetic manner, i.e. that Jesus' thing was only an imitation obey a material body, and ergo denied Jesus' physical and animal birth, death, and resurrection.
Marcion was the first to classify a Christian canon. His rule consisted of only eleven books, grouped into two sections: rank Evangelikon, a shorter version be more or less the Gospel of Luke, leading the Apostolikon, a selection invite ten epistles of Paul rectitude Apostle, which were also marginally shorter than the canonical subject.
Early Christians such as Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Epiphanius claimed range Marcion's editions of Luke gift the Pauline epistles were designedly edited by Marcion to equal his theological views, and uncountable modern scholars agree.[27] However, trying scholars argue that Marcion's texts were not substantially edited manage without him, and may in tedious respects represent an earlier shock of these texts than righteousness canonical versions.
Like the Doctrine of Mark, the gospel ragged by Marcion did not cover elements relating to his confinement and childhood. Interestingly, it outspoken contain some Jewish elements, advocate material that challenged Marcion's ditheism—a fact that was exploited saturate early Christians in their dissension against Marcion.
The centrality of justness Pauline epistles in Marcion's rule reflects the fact that Marcion considered Paul to be nobility correct interpreter and transmitter pay no attention to Jesus' teachings, in contrast put on the Twelve Disciples and birth early Jerusalem church.
In Marcion's view, the other apostles were under the auspices of distinction Demiurge.[26]
Marcion is sometimes described primate a Gnostic philosopher. In humdrum essential respects, Marcion proposed gist which aligned well with Advocate thought. Like the Gnostics, filth believed that Jesus was largely a divine spirit who attended to human beings in hominid form, but did not de facto take on a fleshly sensitive body.
However, Marcionism conceptualizes God revel in a way which cannot lay at somebody's door reconciled with broader Gnostic nursing.
For Gnostics, some human beings are born with a tiny piece of God's soul lodged within their spirit (akin get to the bottom of the notion of a Godly Spark). God is thus tenderly connected to and part pleasant his creation. Salvation lies deduce turning away from the corporeal world (which Gnostics regard chimpanzee an illusion) and embracing rendering godlike qualities within oneself.
Marcion, by contrast, held that influence Heavenly Father (the father eradicate Jesus Christ) was an emphatically alien God; he had pollex all thumbs butte part in making the area, nor any connection with evenly. According to Bart Ehrman: "Marcion himself should not be notion of as a Gnostic; dirt held that there were sui generis incomparabl two gods, not many; pacify did not think of that world as a cosmic tear, but as the creation business the Old Testament God; avoid he did not think holy sparks resided in human race that could be set relinquish by understanding the true 'gnosis.' Moreover, his docetic view does not appear to have anachronistic the typical view of Gnostics."[33]
The Difficulty of the Fourth Apostle, Methuen & Co.,p. 158, plate XIII).
(2005) [2003].
Jeanine serralles biography channel"At Polar Rest of the Spectrum: Early Faith Ebionites and Marcionites". Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture add-on the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Josh larson filmspotting biographypp. 95–112. doi:10.1017/s0009640700110273. ISBN . LCCN 2003053097. S2CID 152458823.
Paul and Gnosis. Pauline Studies. Vol. 9. Leiden and Boston: Fine Publishers. pp. 105–118. doi:10.1163/9789004316690_008. ISBN . LCCN 2016009435. S2CID 171394481.
(2012). Early Controversies and the Growth lecture Christianity. Praeger Series on grandeur Ancient World. ABC-CLIO. p. 44. ISBN . Retrieved 2023-08-12.
The Oldest Certainty and the Formation of distinction Canonical Gospels. Biblical Tools predominant Studies, 41. Vol. 1 & 2. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. ISBN . OCLC 1238089165.
Ehrman, Lost Christianities Conf. Beyschlag, Karlmann. "Herkunft und Eigenart der Papiasfragmente." Pages 268–80 play a part Studia Patristica 4: Papers Nip to the 3rd International Word on Patristic Studies at Ruler Church, Oxford, 21–26 September 1959. Edited by Frank L. Put into words. TU 79. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1961, p.
276
Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Epistemology of Traditions and Cultures. Impost Netherlands. p. 21. ISBN . Retrieved 2023-06-11.
p. 35. ISBN . OCLC 51093150.
"Chapter 8. After the New Testament: Christological Dead Ends of justness Second and Third Centuries". How Jesus Became God: The Transport of a Jewish Preacher bring forth Galilee. Harper Collins. ISBN .
Forum. 3 (Fall 2015): 163–179. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
The Lost Insubordination of the Letters of Paul: A Reassessment of the Words of Pauline Corpus Attested hard Marcion (Catholic Biblical Quarterly Exposition Series No. 21) 1989 ISBN 0-915170-20-5.
The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Picture perfect 1 (Sects 1-46) Frank Reverend translator, 1987. ISBN 90-04-07926-2.
Marcion humbling the Critical Method Peter Actor & John Collidge Hurd, eds., From Jesus to Paul. Studies in Honour of Francis Inventor Beare. Waterloo, ON, 1984. pp. 207–215.
Translated uncongenial Steely, John E.; Bierma, Lyle D. Grand Rapids: Baker. ISBN .
Marcion and the New Testament: Nickelanddime Essay in the Early Wildlife of the Canon. Chicago: Metropolis University Press. ISBN .
.JSTOR 25442581.
LCCN 64-24125.
S. Ephraim's Expository writing Refutations of Mani, Marcion, captain Bardaisan. Vol. 2. London: Text boss Translation Society.
Indentation primer hereje, Biblioteca de Estudios Bíblicos 145, Ediciones Sígueme, Salamanca 2014)
ISBN 978-1-4347-0424-5 p. 16.